跟讀練習: An Antidote to Dissatisfaction - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Everybody is familiar with the feeling that things are not as they should be.

That you're not successful enough, your relationship's not satisfying enough, that you don't have the things you crave.

A chronic dissatisfaction that makes you look outwards with envy and inwards with disappointment.

Pop culture, advertising, and social media make this worse by reminding you that aiming for anything less than your dream job is failure, you need to have great experiences constantly, be conventionally attractive, have a lot of friends, and find your soulmate, and that others have all of these things and are truly happy.

And, of course, a vast array of self-improvement products implies that it's all your fault for not working hard enough on yourself.

In the last two decades, researchers have been starting to investigate how we can counteract these impulses.

The field of positive psychology emerged, the study of what makes life worth living, while cognitive behavioral therapy was developed to change negative feelings.

Scientists began to ask "Why are some people happier and more satisfied than others?" "And are there ways to apply what they're doing right to the rest of us?" In this video, we want to talk about one of the strongest predictors of how happy people are, how easily they make friends, and how good they are at dealing with hardship.

An antidote to dissatisfaction, so to speak: Gratitude.

While gratitude may sound like another self-improvement trend, preached by people who use hashtags, what we currently know about it is based on a body of scientific work and studies.

We'll include them in the description.

Gratitude can mean very different things to different people in different contexts.

It's a character trait, a feeling, a virtue, and a behavior.

You can feel grateful towards someone who did something for you, for random events, like the weather, or even for nature or fate, and it's wired into our biology.

1: How Gratitude Connects Us to Each Other.

The predecessor of gratitude is probably reciprocity.

It likely evolved as a biological signal that motivates animals to exchange things for their mutual benefit and can be found in the animal kingdom among certain fish, birds, or mammals, but especially in primates.

When your brain recognizes that someone's done something nice for you, it reacts with gratitude to motivate you to repay them.

This gratitude makes you care about others, and others care about you.

This was important because, as human brains got better at reading emotions, selfish individuals were identified and shunned.

It became an evolutionary advantage to play well with others and build lasting relationships.

For example, if you were hungry and someone else showed you where to find tasty berries, you felt gratitude towards them and a bond to return the favor in the future, a drive to be pro-social.

When you repaid them, they felt gratitude towards you.

This brought your ancestors closer together and forged bonds and friendships.

So, early forms of gratitude were biological mechanisms that modified your behavior towards cooperation, which helped humans to dominate Earth.

But, over time, gratitude became more than just an impulse to play fair.

2: The Consequences of Gratitude Scientists found that gratitude stimulates the pathways in your brain involved in feelings of reward, forming social bonds, and interpreting other's intentions.

It also makes it easier to save and retrieve positive memories Even more, gratitude directly counteracts negative feelings and traits, like envy and social comparison, narcissism, cynicism, and materialism.

As a consequence, people who are grateful, no matter what for, tend to be happier and more satisfied.

They have better relationships, an easier time making friends.

They sleep better, tend to suffer less from depression, addiction, and burnout, and are better at dealing with traumatic events.

In a way, gratitude makes it less likely that you'll fall into one of the psychological traps modern life has set for you.

For example, gratitude measurably counters the tendency to forget and downplay positive events.

If you work long and hard for something, actually getting it can feel daft and empty.

You can find yourself emotionally back where you started and try to achieve the next biggest thing, looking for that satisfaction, instead of being satisfied with yourself.

Or, imagine being lonely and wanting to have more friends.

You actually might have someone or even multiple people who want to hang out, but you might feel that this is not enough, that you're a loser and feel bad about yourself.

So you might turn down their attempts to hang out and become more lonely.

If you feel grateful for your relationships instead, you might accept invitations or even take the initiative.

The more often you risk opening up, the higher the chance of solidifying relationships and meeting new people.

In the best case, gratitude can trigger a feedback loop.

Positive feelings lead to more pro-social behavior, which leads to more positive social experiences that cause more positive feelings.

This is a common experience after serious hardship, like chemotherapy, for example.

Life can feel amazing after a crisis is over.

The smallest things can be bottomless sources of joy, from being able to taste to just sitting in the sun or chatting with a friend.

Objectively, your life is the same or maybe even slightly worse than before, but your brain compares your present experiences with the times when life was bad and reacts with gratitude.

So, in a nutshell, gratitude refocuses your attention towards the good things you have, and the consequences of this shift are better feelings and more positive experiences.

While it is great to know these things, is there actually a way for you to feel more of it?

3: How To Make Your Brain More Grateful The ability to experience more or less gratitude is not equally distributed.

You have what's known as trait gratitude, that determines how much you are able to feel it.

It depends on your genetics, personality, and culture.

This discovery made scientists wonder if they could design exercises that change your trait gratitude and lead to more happiness.

Let's start with important caveats.

It's not yet entirely clear to what degree gratitude can be trained or how long the effects last.

There are no magic pills for happiness.

Life is complicated.

On some days, it feels like you're in control of yourself, and, on others, you feel like you're not.

And this is okay.

Also, sometimes pursuing happiness can make you more unhappy if you put too much pressure on yourself.

Gratitude should also not be seen as a solution to depression or a substitute for professional help,.

It can only be a piece of the puzzle.

It's not the solution to the puzzle itself.

The easiest gratitude exercise, with the most solid research behind it, is gratitude journaling.

It means sitting down for a few minutes, one to three times a week, and writing down five to ten things you're grateful for It might feel weird at first, so start simply.

Can you feel grateful for a little thing?

Like how great coffee is, or that someone was kind to you.

Can you appreciate something someone else did for you?

Can you reflect on which things or people you would miss if they were gone and be grateful that they're in your life?

We're all different, so you'll know what works for you.

And that's it, really.

It feels almost insulting, like things shouldn't be that simple.

But in numerous studies, the participants reported more happiness and a higher general life satisfaction after doing this practice for a few weeks.

And, even more, studies have found changes in brain activity some months after they ended.

Practicing gratitude may be a real way to reprogram yourself.

This research shows that your emotions are not fixed.

In the end, how you experience life is a representation of what you believe about it.

If you attack your core beliefs about yourself and your life, you can change your thoughts and feelings, which automatically changes your behavior.

It's pretty mind-blowing that something as simple as self-reflection can hack the pathways in our brain to fight dissatisfaction.

And, if this is no reason to be more optimistic, what is?

Being a human is hard, but it doesn't need to be as hard.

And, if you actively look, you might find that your life is much better than you thought.

If you're curious and want to try out gratitude, we made a thing.

Please note that you don't need to buy anything from anyone to practice gratitude.

All you need is paper, a pen, and five minutes.

Having said that, we've made a Kurzgesagt gratitude journal, based on studies we've read, conversations with experts, and our personal experiences with gratitude over the last year.

It's structured in a way that might make it a bit easier to get into the habit of gratitude journaling.

There are short explanations and reflections to mix it up and make it more interesting.

We've also made it as pretty as we could.

This video continues the unofficial series of more personal, introspective videos, from optimistic nihilism to loneliness and now gratitude.

We don't want to be a self-help channel, so we'll keep this sort of video at roughly one per year.

We hope they're helpful to some of you.

Thank you for watching.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“An Antidote to Dissatisfaction”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：gratitude, feeling, experience, grateful, brain。這段影片共有 92 個句子、1565 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 9:47。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 160 個詞，接近日常對話。 84% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
gratitude 名詞	/ˈɡɹæ.tɪ.tud/	感恩, 謝意 /謝意
trait 名詞	/tɹeɪt/	特徵 /特徵
satisfy 動詞	/ˈsætɪsfaɪ/	滿足 /滿足
dissatisfaction 名詞	/dɪsˌsætɪsˈfækʃən/	不滿 /不滿, 不滿足 /不滿足
consequence 名詞	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	後果 /後果, 結果 /結果
hardship 名詞	/ˈhɑɹdˌʃɪp/	困難 /困難
motivate 動詞	/ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/	激發
impulse 名詞	/ˈɪmpʌls/	衝動 /衝動, 意氣 /意氣
envy 名詞	/ˈɛnvi/	妒嫉, 羨慕 /羨慕
optimistic 形容詞	/ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/	樂觀的 /樂觀的
puzzle 名詞	/ˈpʌzəl/	謎 /謎, 難題 /難題
ancestor 名詞	/ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/	祖先
antidote 名詞	/ˈæn.tɪ.doʊt/	解藥 /解藥, 解毒藥 /解毒藥
burnout 名詞	/ˈbɜː(ɹ)naʊt/	倦怠
caveat 名詞	/ˈkæviɑt/	警示

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
try out 動詞	試用 /試用
turn down 動詞	拒絕 /拒絕, 回絕 /回絕
write down 動詞	寫下來 /寫下來, 寫下 /寫下

值得反覆跟讀的句子

影片中簡短而完整的句子，可以直接用在日常對話裡：

We'll include them in the description.
Let's start with important caveats.
Can you feel grateful for a little thing?
Can you appreciate something someone else did for you?
We've also made it as pretty as we could.

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	was developed · is based · can be found
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	has set · have found · we've made
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	people who use · someone who did · people who are

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 22 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 you're, don't, they're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, chemotherapy /ˌkiːməʊˈθɛɹəpi/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: dissatisfaction /dɪsˌsætɪsˈfækʃən/, hardship /ˈhɑɹdˌʃɪp/, conventionally /kənˈvɛnʃənəli/, nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, unofficial /ʌn.əˈfɪʃ.əl/
長單詞——注意重音位置: dissatisfaction /dɪsˌsætɪsˈfækʃən/, optimistic /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/, conventionally /kənˈvɛnʃənəli/, cynicism /ˈsɪn.ɪˌsɪzəm/, introspective /ˌɪntɹəˈspɛktɪv/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: motivate /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/, envy /ˈɛnvi/, caveat /ˈkæviɑt/, conventionally /kənˈvɛnʃənəli/, introspective /ˌɪntɹəˈspɛktɪv/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: gratitude /ˈɡɹæ.tɪ.tud/, trait /tɹeɪt/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, counteract /ˈkaʊntəɹˌækt/, hardship /ˈhɑɹdˌʃɪp/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: materialism /məˈtɪɹiəlɪzəm/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 gratitude, trait, satisfy 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: An Antidote to Dissatisfaction - 通過影片學習英語口語

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