跟讀練習: The Biggest Eruptions That Changed Earth Forever - 通過影片學習英語口語

選擇練習模式

每種模式都會開啟全屏練習室。

100 句

如果句子過短或過長，請點選 Edit 進行調整。

The Earth is a gigantic ball of semi-molten rock with a heart of iron as hot as the surface of the Sun.

Titanic amounts of heat left over from its birth

and the radioactive decay of trillions of tons of radioactive elements find no escape but up.

Currents of rock spanning thousands of kilometers carry this energy to the surface.

Earth's crust is the only thing in their way.

It feels solid to us, but it's only a fragile barrier, an appleskin around a flaming behemoth.

True apocalypses can break through and unleash eruptions tens of times more powerful than all of our nuclear weapons combined,

subjecting the climate to centuries worth of change in a single year, while drowning continents in toxic ash and gases.

Supervolcanoes.

How big can they get?

And will they put an end to humanity?

Volcanoes There are many types of volcanoes from towering mountains to lava domes,

but they have two main sources The first is at the boundaries between tectonic plates the pieces of the crust

that cover the earth like a giant jigsaw puzzle There are seven major tectonic plates and dozens of smaller ones, drifting against each other at up to 15 centimeters per year.

This sounds slow, but on geological timescales, it is a titanic struggle over who gets to stay on the surface.

The winning plate crumples into a new mountain range, while the loser is shoved underneath into an ocean of hot rock at 1,300 degrees Celsius.

The asthenosphere.

The temperature here is enough to melt rock into a liquid, but the insane pressures of all that mass keep it a superheated solid.

Tectonic plates are usually in contact with water for thousands of years and absorb some of it.

When they're submerged into the hot underworld, this water triggers chemical transformations that allow tiny portions to melt into magma.

Liquid magma is less dense than solid rock, so it rises to the surface in furious bubbles that accumulate in sponge-like reservoirs right under the crust.

If enough magma accumulates, it becomes powerful enough to pierce through the crust, which we experience as volcanoes.

This happens under the winning plate, like a revenge attack by the loser before it's erased forever.

The second main source of volcanoes are thought to be mantle plumes.

These are columns of abnormally hot rock that rise all the way from the planet's core mantle boundary to the surface.

Much less is known about them, but in a way, it's as if the Earth's mantle has weather patterns and mantle plumes are a little like hot air, rising to form storm clouds.

Storms hundreds of millions of years old, made of rock circulating at a rate of a few millimeters per month.

They don't care about the motion of tectonic plates, so they can break the crust to create volcanoes in the middle of nowhere

that stubbornly stay active as the crust shifts around them.

The volcanic boom meter.

Scientists love to put big booms on a scale

and came up with a logarithmic scale that measures the volume ejected during an eruption.

The volcanic explosivity index or VEI.

Simply put, it starts really small and gets very big very quickly.

A VEI-2 eruption would fill 400 full Olympic swimming pools with lava.

We have around 10 of these per year.

At VEI-3, we already see devastating effects, like the eruption of the Semeru volcano in 2021 that destroyed thousands of homes in Indonesia.

At VEI 5, we see catastrophic amounts of materials, cubic kilometers of debris, equivalent to an entire lake of molten rock blasted into the air.

Like the 2022 Hunga Tonga Hunga Hapai eruption that sent a shockwave around the globe many times and created ocean-wide tsunamis.

At a VEI of 6, an eruption can change the world.

In 1883, the Indonesian island volcano Krakatoa erupted nearly continuously over the course of five months.

One of those eruptions blew it apart, producing the loudest sound recorded in history.

Ten trillion times louder than a rocket taking off heard halfway around the world.

Thirty-meter-high tsunamis swept away nearby populations, and so much gas and ash were released that global temperatures cooled by nearly 0.5 degrees Celsius.

Red, dusty sunsets followed for many years.

At VEI-7, we get super-colossal eruptions, millennium-defining events that human civilization has only encountered a handful of times.

Mount Tambora was a 4,300-meter-high mountain until it exploded in 1815 and released 400 times more energy than the Tsar Bomba.

140 billion tons of ash and dust were shot halfway to space before smothering the world's skies, turning them a sickly yellow.

There was no summer the following year, crops died and over 100,000 people perished.

This is the dreadful potential of volcanic eruptions, with famines across the other side of the world and even centuries-long cold periods being attributed to them.

Okay, but what's a supervolcano?

The term supervolcano is a media invention and not a scientific term.

The main issue with them is that not every eruption from a supervolcano is a super eruption.

What makes supervolcanoes special is that they've been waiting to erupt for hundreds of thousands of years.

Pressure builds up in colossal magma reservoirs several kilometers deep until

it becomes strong enough to lift the rock above it by several meters.

Rocks crack under the pressure until they finally give way

and billions of tons of gas and ash blast out at supersonic speed.

An insane explosion of at least a thousand cubic kilometers that impacts every corner of the globe.

And yet, that is only a small portion of the magma reservoir.

Super-eruptions are like a boiling pot of water popping its lid off and spitting a bit off the top.

Afterwards, the ground collapses into the void left behind, forming a hole called a caldera caldera.

Under this caldera, pressure starts building again until the volcano gathers enough energy for another supereruption.

But this could take hundreds of thousands of years.

It's estimated

that one of the few volcanoes capable of supereruptions on Earth could cause a catastrophic eruption every 17,000 years on average.

That would make them far more frequent than comparable asteroid impacts.

The most recent supereruption is the Oranui eruption 26,500 years ago in New Zealand.

With the force of dozens of billions of tons of TNT, a Mount Everest-sized pile of explosives,

a huge portion of the landscape was scooped out and thrown into the atmosphere.

It left behind a caldera spanning 20 kilometers, and it caused the entire southern hemisphere to undergo a period of abrupt cooling.

Though among supereruptions, it's a mere firework.

The Lake Toba eruption of 74,000 years ago was a much more significant turning point in history.

It released a gargantuan 5,300 cubic kilometers of material, enough to blanket parts of South Asia in 15 centimeters of ash

and trigger a rapid 4 degrees Celsius drop in global temperatures.

It's possible that the volcanic winter lasted 10 years, followed by worldwide droughts for centuries.

Earth's climate might have not recovered for a thousand years.

The largest volcanic events we know of were not really huge explosions, but floods of millions of cubic kilometers of lava.

The grand finale were the Siberian traps around 250 million years ago, a continuous release of lava for 2 million years.

They raised the ocean temperatures to over 40 degrees Celsius, which caused the Permian-Triassic extinction, killing over 90% of all species.

Earth's surface needed 9 million years to recover.

These sorts of eruptions don't change the climate, they are the climate.

But thankfully, we haven't seen anything even remotely close to that scale in many millions of years.

So, should you be scared of supervolcanoes?

Definitely not.

They have been used to frighten many people and are overhyped as an unavoidable apocalypse.

The most famous one, Yellowstone, will erupt again, but they will be relatively small eruptions.

Natural disasters for sure, but not enough to devastate the US or come close to ending humanity.

The chance of a VEI-8 eruption in the next few hundred years is less than 2%, and more importantly, it wouldn't come as a sudden surprise.

However, less powerful but more frequent eruptions can also do serious damage to our civilizations

and are in many ways a much greater concern.

So we must watch for slow changes in magma reservoirs like ground swelling

and temperature increases to get an early warning that can save the lives of people living the closest to a volcano.

And there's time to develop solutions that can remove sulfur and ash from the stratosphere

to eliminate the root cause of the climate disruption we've seen from previous eruptions. Who knows, maybe we'll even be able to turn this force of destruction

into an agent for good by exploiting the geothermal energy held in their giant magma reservoirs.

We've done this work for so many other disasters, and we are already doing things we could only have dreamed about decades ago,

like sending a probe to perform our first asteroid redirection test.

With determination, humanity really can solve anything.

100

So while deep below us an angry hell is churning and waiting for its moment, you can sleep well tonight.

下載應用

流利口語所需的一切

AI 發音評分逐句打分

音標練習掌握每個音

詞彙學習建立你的詞庫

詞彙遊戲邊玩邊學

掃碼

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

同頻道

FOR YOU

為什麼要通過這個影片練習口語？

觀看《導致地球變化的最大噴發》影片不僅有助於提高英語發音，還能讓你深入瞭解火山噴發對氣候的影響。在這個過程中，學習者可以通過模仿影片中的演講者，增強口語表達能力。通過shadow speech技術，你可以提高自己的語音韻律和語調，從而更自信地面對雅思口語練習。同時，理解複雜的科學概念還能幫助提升你的專業詞彙，使你的表達更具深度。

語法與表達在語境中

在影片中，演講者使用了一些重要的語法結構和表達方式，值得我們學習。以下是幾個關鍵結構：

條件句：“如果足夠的岩漿積累…” 這種結構常用於描述假設情況，適合用於雅思口語練習。
被動語態：“氣候受到了…” 當討論歷史事件或科學現象時，被動語態可以有效聚焦於動作本身而非施動者。
比較級：“比…更…” 在討論不同規模的火山爆發時，這種結構有助於清晰地表達觀點。
時間副詞：“每年”的使用頻率高，有助於提升時間表達的準確性，也是shadow speaks中需要掌握的重要要素。

常見發音陷阱

在影片中，有幾個發音較為棘手的詞彙值得注意：

eruption（噴發）：音節重心在第二個音節，注意不要重讀第一個音節。
volcano（火山）：常見的誤讀是將音節讀得過於平坦，實際上應強調排位的音節。
cumulative（累積的）：注意它的音節比你想的要多，避免拼寫和發音因快速的語速而變得混淆。

通過反覆學習和練習這些重點詞彙的發音，可以有效提高你的英語發音能力。在平時練習中，結合shadow speak的方法，可以讓你的口語表達更加自然流暢。

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is shoved · are thought · is known
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	has only encountered · haven't seen · have been

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: The Biggest Eruptions That Changed Earth Forever - 通過影片學習英語口語

選擇練習模式

下載應用

Queen Ant Clones Another Species

How Caffeine Works

Could Humans Evolve Flight?

You Will Only Like Half of This Video

Would You Upload Your Mind?

Your Brain on Magic Mushrooms

Why Ebola Keeps Coming Back

Let’s Steal a New Moon

What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?

3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Awesome! 3/3

What Falling in Love Does to You

YOU Own the Moon. And Mars. And Venus.

What Is Life? Is Death Real?

How Antidepressants Work

Your Brain Peaked at Birth

Your Skeleton Is Electric

We Won’t Explore the Galaxy...

Dozens of Nukes Are Missing. Why? HOW?

Something Travels Faster than Light

Nuclear Energy Explained: How does it work? 1/3

What is Plate Tectonics: Crash Course Geology #10

The Most Extreme Explosion in the Universe

Believers, is this a prophecy unfolding?

Dig Deep, Power a City

Our Greatest Delusion

Climate Change: How does it really work? | ClimateScience #1

Venezuela's "Islands In The Sky", Explained.

[Song ngữ - TED Ed] Sóng thần hình thành như thế nào?

Why is it Hot Underground?

What Are Volcanoes and How Are They Formed?

The First Mass Extinction as Explained by Lindsay Nikole

How to Blow Up the Earth - Nuclear Engineer Reacts to Zack D. Films

為什麼要通過這個影片練習口語？

語法與表達在語境中

常見發音陷阱

影片中的語法

什麼是跟讀法？