跟读练习: Why China is winning the EV war - 通过视频学习英语口语

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In 2024, Ford Motors cut back production on their F -150 Lightning, the electric version of their popular pickup truck.

Sales on the Lightning had tanked, in part because it cost more than its gas -powered counterpart.

This isn't just a problem for Ford.

The average price of a new EV in the U .S is about $55 ,000, making electric cars a hard sell for most U .S consumers at a time

when EV adoption is critical for our climate goals.

Roughly 40 % of the cost to produce an electric vehicle is in the battery.

So in 2023, it was reported that Ford was looking at sites in Virginia

or Michigan for a new battery plant that could help lower its costs.

But there's a catch.

The battery technology you would use is from a company based here, in Fujian Province, China.

That company is CATL, the largest battery maker in the world.

Virginia's governor decided to kill the battery plant proposal in his state because of its links to China.

They are influenced, if not controlled, by the Chinese Communist Party.

Putting Ford's CEO on the defense.

Look, this plant is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ford.

them to look elsewhere for a sight.

This battery plant got caught up in a broader trade war between US and China, a reaction to the extraordinary rise of China's electric vehicle market.

They make up over half of all EV sales globally.

and in just a few short years have brought slick and affordable electric cars to the market.

Key to this rise is the electric vehicle battery.

This part of the EV is where China has really come to dominate the global market.

So how did Chinese companies create the world's leading EV battery?

And can U .S automakers make an affordable electric car without it?

The first major reason for why China's companies were able to

develop their EV battery is due to a huge amount of government support.

Roughly 20 years ago, China was on track to become the world's largest importer of oil.

So electrifying its car fleet would help it become more energy independent.

Not to mention a growing air pollution problem in China's cities, in part due to car emissions.

believer in this.

And his sense was that Chinese companies were just never going to be able to compete on internal combustion engine technology.

That's how you get this package of policies that really supported what Chinese government defined as new energy vehicles.

Companies making the cars can get a subsidy whenever they sell a car.

We're also talking about they're getting cheap, like, land leases from the government.

They're getting cheap loans from the state -owned banks.

According billion in the form of subsidies, research spending, and tax breaks to the EV industry.

And starting around 2009, local governments also gave Chinese companies an instant market by contracting them to electrify their bus

and taxi fleets.

The city of Shenzhen's fleet of 16 ,000 buses was electrified by BYD before it became the world's largest EV company.

To get consumers on board, governments offer them generous subsidies too, along with other benefits.

Like discounts on charging, favorable parking, traffic congestion related policies that EVs get a break on.

EVs actually have a different colored license plate even, so it's very visible and so people see, "Oh, that's an EV." they get all the special treatment.

But the battery wasn't very good in the early days.

And so the Chinese government goes in and starts introducing stricter standards of batteries, saying, well, you only qualify for this credit if your battery density reaches this level.

Consumer EV sales in China exploded.

And when it did, the government did something important to protect their own battery industry.

When foreign car companies like GM and Tesla wanted to sell their EVs in China,

the government made a rule that their cars must use Chinese -made batteries for consumer subsidies.

China's central government phased out consumer subsidies in 2022, but the demand had been created.

In 2024, over half of new car sales in China were electric.

- This is like a milestone, because half is a big thing.

The majority of the people are actually prefering AVs over Gas Car Stahl.

The second way Chinese battery companies became so dominant is through the supply chain for the battery components.

The type of battery that typically goes into electric vehicles is called a lithium -ion battery.

The four main components of the battery cell are the cathode, the anode, the electrolyte solution, and a separator.

The cathode is usually packed with nickel, cobalt, and manganese.

The anode uses graphite, and the electrolyte is made up of mostly lithium salts.

Over the past several years, Chinese companies started acquiring ownership stakes in mines around the world where these minerals exist.

"So they're sure that if we control the production, then we control the price." The effect is

that Chinese companies control significant percentages of the world's supply of the minerals needed for batteries.

But where China really controls the supply chain are the steps after mining.

No matter who mines the minerals, China refines a vast majority of them.

This is the step where factories grind down raw mined materials and extract the desired mineral from it.

It's pretty polluting.

That's why you don't see that much refining happening in developed countries.

Chinese plants then also manufacture the vast majority of the four components of the EV batteries,

the cathode, the anode, the electrolyte, and the separator, sell.

Because you already had pretty developed manufacturing for batteries aimed at electronics.

So BYD is actually one of those examples.

They started by producing batteries for electronics in the 90s and then it got into producing EVs.

The U .S was never a battery manufacturing player, historically speaking, a lithium ion.

It was previously Japan and Korea.

China has now superseded both.

China's control of the battery supply chain is so encompassing that

rules say no more than half of a battery's components or minerals could be Chinese sourced to qualify for tax credits, only an estimated 20 percent of EV models qualified.

With their market dominance, Chinese companies have been able to lead the world in battery innovation.

In the past two years, Chinese companies figured out how to avoid using the two most expensive battery minerals: nickel and cobalt.

They did this by innovating on battery technology called lithium iron phosphate, or LFP.

In 2023, CATL announced an LFP battery that could power a car for 370 miles on just a 10 -minute charge.

And BYD has developed their own version of an LFP battery, too.

blade battery.

It's like a very thin, very long blade.

But basically they're saying that by using that shape, it can bring more batteries into the same space.

So in that way, like the same size of a car can travel farther.

Today, LFP batteries are a growing share of all EV batteries, and nearly all of them are manufactured in China.

But not for long.

CATL has built battery plants in Germany and has plans to build one in Hungary for the European auto market.

And Ford ended up finding a home for its CATL battery plant in the town of Marshall, Michigan.

The project has triggered a U .S.

House investigation, but if it goes through, it will be the first LFP plant in the U .S.

All of these factors have made Chinese EV batteries virtually impossible to avoid in the global transition to electric vehicles.

Was there not a viable alternative?

No, there wasn't.

LFP technology is very well developed.

The battery business is a global business.

And there were no alternatives.

There are some concerns about whether China's government support of the EV industry amounts to unfair global competition.

as well as human rights and environmental concerns associated with China's battery supply chain.

The U .S is investing their own government support to build up its battery industry.

Bloomberg estimated it would cost $82 billion for the U .S to meet their own domestic demand by 2030.

100

So it might be possible in the future, but that's no help right now when we desperately need to transition to electric vehicles to wean ourselves from fossil fuels.

101

And U .S automakers are struggling to give consumers affordable options.

102

So for now, we'll have to decide whether our desire to keep our distance from China outweighs our goals of going electric.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节 B2 级别的口语课以视频“Why China is winning the EV war”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：battery, Chinese, China, electric, companies。这段视频共有 102 个句子、1403 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 8:28。说话人语速自然，每分钟约 166 个词，接近日常对话。只有 80% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
mineral 名词	/ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/	礦物 /矿物
subsidy 名词	/ˈsʌbsɪdi/	津貼 /津贴, 補貼 /补贴
lithium 名词	/ˈlɪθi.əm/	鋰 /锂
anode 名词	/ˈæn.oʊd/	负极
cathode 名词	/ˈkæθ.oʊd/	陰極 /阴极, 正極 /正极
electrify 动词	/ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/	電氣化 /电气化
electrolyte 名词	/ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/	電解質 /电解质
cobalt 名词	/ˈkoʊ.bɔlt/	鈷 /钴
nickel 名词	/ˈnɪk.əl/	鎳 /镍
electronics 名词	/ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/	電子學 /电子学
blade 名词	/bleɪd/	刃, 刀身
encompass 动词	/ɪnˈkʌmpəs/	包围
graphite 名词	/ˈɡɹæfaɪt/	石墨
importer 名词	/ɪmˈpɔː(ɹ)tə(ɹ)/	進口商 /进口商
innovate 动词	/ˈɪn.ə.veɪt/	創新 /创新

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	释义
end up 动词	到达
figure out 动词	弄清楚
go through 动词	通過 /通过

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	have brought · has really come · has now superseded
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	was reported · are influenced · was electrified

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 10 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 they're, wasn't, don't。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“th” 音: lithium /ˈlɪθi.əm/, cathode /ˈkæθ.oʊd/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, adoption /əˈdɑp.ʃən/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/
长单词——注意重音位置: electrify /ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/, electrolyte /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/, separator /ˈsɛpəˌɹeɪtəɹ/, electronics /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: innovate /ˈɪn.ə.veɪt/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/, believer /bɪˈlivɚ/, viable /ˈvaɪəbəl/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: anode /ˈæn.oʊd/, cathode /ˈkæθ.oʊd/, electrolyte /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/, cobalt /ˈkoʊ.bɔlt/, electronics /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: mineral /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/, electrify /ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/, electrolyte /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/, electronics /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 mineral, subsidy, lithium 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

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跟读练习: Why China is winning the EV war - 通过视频学习英语口语

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