Prática de Shadowing: Why China is winning the EV war - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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In 2024, Ford Motors cut back production on their F -150 Lightning, the electric version of their popular pickup truck.
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Sales on the Lightning had tanked, in part because it cost more than its gas -powered counterpart.
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This isn't just a problem for Ford.
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The average price of a new EV in the U .S is about $55 ,000, making electric cars a hard sell for most U .S consumers at a time
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when EV adoption is critical for our climate goals.
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Roughly 40 % of the cost to produce an electric vehicle is in the battery.
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So in 2023, it was reported that Ford was looking at sites in Virginia
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or Michigan for a new battery plant that could help lower its costs.
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But there's a catch.
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The battery technology you would use is from a company based here, in Fujian Province, China.
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That company is CATL, the largest battery maker in the world.
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Virginia's governor decided to kill the battery plant proposal in his state because of its links to China.
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They are influenced, if not controlled, by the Chinese Communist Party.
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Putting Ford's CEO on the defense.
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Look, this plant is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ford.
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them to look elsewhere for a sight.
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This battery plant got caught up in a broader trade war between US and China, a reaction to the extraordinary rise of China's electric vehicle market.
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They make up over half of all EV sales globally.
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and in just a few short years have brought slick and affordable electric cars to the market.
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Key to this rise is the electric vehicle battery.
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This part of the EV is where China has really come to dominate the global market.
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So how did Chinese companies create the world's leading EV battery?
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And can U .S automakers make an affordable electric car without it?
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The first major reason for why China's companies were able to
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develop their EV battery is due to a huge amount of government support.
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Roughly 20 years ago, China was on track to become the world's largest importer of oil.
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So electrifying its car fleet would help it become more energy independent.
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Not to mention a growing air pollution problem in China's cities, in part due to car emissions.
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believer in this.
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And his sense was that Chinese companies were just never going to be able to compete on internal combustion engine technology.
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That's how you get this package of policies that really supported what Chinese government defined as new energy vehicles.
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Companies making the cars can get a subsidy whenever they sell a car.
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We're also talking about they're getting cheap, like, land leases from the government.
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They're getting cheap loans from the state -owned banks.
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According billion in the form of subsidies, research spending, and tax breaks to the EV industry.
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And starting around 2009, local governments also gave Chinese companies an instant market by contracting them to electrify their bus
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and taxi fleets.
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The city of Shenzhen's fleet of 16 ,000 buses was electrified by BYD before it became the world's largest EV company.
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To get consumers on board, governments offer them generous subsidies too, along with other benefits.
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Like discounts on charging, favorable parking, traffic congestion related policies that EVs get a break on.
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EVs actually have a different colored license plate even, so it's very visible and so people see, "Oh, that's an EV." they get all the special treatment.
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But the battery wasn't very good in the early days.
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And so the Chinese government goes in and starts introducing stricter standards of batteries, saying, well, you only qualify for this credit if your battery density reaches this level.
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Consumer EV sales in China exploded.
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And when it did, the government did something important to protect their own battery industry.
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When foreign car companies like GM and Tesla wanted to sell their EVs in China,
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the government made a rule that their cars must use Chinese -made batteries for consumer subsidies.
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China's central government phased out consumer subsidies in 2022, but the demand had been created.
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In 2024, over half of new car sales in China were electric.
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- This is like a milestone, because half is a big thing.
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The majority of the people are actually prefering AVs over Gas Car Stahl.
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The second way Chinese battery companies became so dominant is through the supply chain for the battery components.
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The type of battery that typically goes into electric vehicles is called a lithium -ion battery.
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The four main components of the battery cell are the cathode, the anode, the electrolyte solution, and a separator.
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The cathode is usually packed with nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
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The anode uses graphite, and the electrolyte is made up of mostly lithium salts.
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Over the past several years, Chinese companies started acquiring ownership stakes in mines around the world where these minerals exist.
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"So they're sure that if we control the production, then we control the price." The effect is
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that Chinese companies control significant percentages of the world's supply of the minerals needed for batteries.
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But where China really controls the supply chain are the steps after mining.
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No matter who mines the minerals, China refines a vast majority of them.
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This is the step where factories grind down raw mined materials and extract the desired mineral from it.
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It's pretty polluting.
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That's why you don't see that much refining happening in developed countries.
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Chinese plants then also manufacture the vast majority of the four components of the EV batteries,
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the cathode, the anode, the electrolyte, and the separator, sell.
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Because you already had pretty developed manufacturing for batteries aimed at electronics.
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So BYD is actually one of those examples.
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They started by producing batteries for electronics in the 90s and then it got into producing EVs.
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The U .S was never a battery manufacturing player, historically speaking, a lithium ion.
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It was previously Japan and Korea.
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China has now superseded both.
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China's control of the battery supply chain is so encompassing that
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rules say no more than half of a battery's components or minerals could be Chinese sourced to qualify for tax credits, only an estimated 20 percent of EV models qualified.
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With their market dominance, Chinese companies have been able to lead the world in battery innovation.
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In the past two years, Chinese companies figured out how to avoid using the two most expensive battery minerals: nickel and cobalt.
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They did this by innovating on battery technology called lithium iron phosphate, or LFP.
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In 2023, CATL announced an LFP battery that could power a car for 370 miles on just a 10 -minute charge.
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And BYD has developed their own version of an LFP battery, too.
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blade battery.
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It's like a very thin, very long blade.
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But basically they're saying that by using that shape, it can bring more batteries into the same space.
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So in that way, like the same size of a car can travel farther.
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Today, LFP batteries are a growing share of all EV batteries, and nearly all of them are manufactured in China.
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But not for long.
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CATL has built battery plants in Germany and has plans to build one in Hungary for the European auto market.
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And Ford ended up finding a home for its CATL battery plant in the town of Marshall, Michigan.
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The project has triggered a U .S.
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House investigation, but if it goes through, it will be the first LFP plant in the U .S.
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All of these factors have made Chinese EV batteries virtually impossible to avoid in the global transition to electric vehicles.
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Was there not a viable alternative?
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No, there wasn't.
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LFP technology is very well developed.
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The battery business is a global business.
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And there were no alternatives.
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There are some concerns about whether China's government support of the EV industry amounts to unfair global competition.
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as well as human rights and environmental concerns associated with China's battery supply chain.
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The U .S is investing their own government support to build up its battery industry.
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Bloomberg estimated it would cost $82 billion for the U .S to meet their own domestic demand by 2030.
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So it might be possible in the future, but that's no help right now when we desperately need to transition to electric vehicles to wean ourselves from fossil fuels.
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And U .S automakers are struggling to give consumers affordable options.
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So for now, we'll have to decide whether our desire to keep our distance from China outweighs our goals of going electric.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível B2 usa o vídeo “Why China is winning the EV war”. As palavras que mais se repetem: battery, Chinese, China, electric, companies. Este vídeo tem 102 frases e 1403 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 8:28. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 166 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 80% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| mineral substantivo | /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/ | mineral |
| subsidy substantivo | /ˈsʌbsɪdi/ | subsídio, subvenção |
| lithium substantivo | /ˈlɪθi.əm/ | lítio |
| anode substantivo | /ˈæn.oʊd/ | ânodo, anodo |
| cathode substantivo | /ˈkæθ.oʊd/ | cátodo, catodo |
| electrify verbo | /ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/ | eletrificar, eletrizar |
| electrolyte substantivo | /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/ | eletrólito |
| cobalt substantivo | /ˈkoʊ.bɔlt/ | cobalto |
| refine verbo | /ɹɪˈfaɪn/ | refinar |
| separator substantivo | /ˈsɛpəˌɹeɪtəɹ/ | separador |
| nickel substantivo | /ˈnɪk.əl/ | níquel |
| electronics substantivo | /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/ | eletrônica, eletrónica |
| blade substantivo | /bleɪd/ | lâmina, fio |
| encompass verbo | /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ | cercar, circundar |
| graphite substantivo | /ˈɡɹæfaɪt/ | grafite, grafita |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| end up verbo | terminar, acabar |
| figure out verbo | descobrir, deduzir |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have brought · has really come · has now superseded |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | was reported · are influenced · was electrified |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 10 contrações e formas reduzidas, como they're, wasn't, don't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: lithium /ˈlɪθi.əm/, cathode /ˈkæθ.oʊd/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, adoption /əˈdɑp.ʃən/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: electrify /ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/, electrolyte /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/, separator /ˈsɛpəˌɹeɪtəɹ/, electronics /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: anode /ˈæn.oʊd/, cathode /ˈkæθ.oʊd/, electrolyte /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/, cobalt /ˈkoʊ.bɔlt/, blade /bleɪd/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: mineral /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/, nickel /ˈnɪk.əl/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/, automobile /ˈɔː.tə.məˌbil/, viable /ˈvaɪəbəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: wholly /ˈhoʊ.li/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como mineral, subsidy, lithium.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.