シャドーイング練習: Why China is winning the EV war - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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In 2024, Ford Motors cut back production on their F -150 Lightning, the electric version of their popular pickup truck.
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Sales on the Lightning had tanked, in part because it cost more than its gas -powered counterpart.
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This isn't just a problem for Ford.
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The average price of a new EV in the U .S is about $55 ,000, making electric cars a hard sell for most U .S consumers at a time
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when EV adoption is critical for our climate goals.
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Roughly 40 % of the cost to produce an electric vehicle is in the battery.
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So in 2023, it was reported that Ford was looking at sites in Virginia
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or Michigan for a new battery plant that could help lower its costs.
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But there's a catch.
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The battery technology you would use is from a company based here, in Fujian Province, China.
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That company is CATL, the largest battery maker in the world.
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Virginia's governor decided to kill the battery plant proposal in his state because of its links to China.
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They are influenced, if not controlled, by the Chinese Communist Party.
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Putting Ford's CEO on the defense.
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Look, this plant is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ford.
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them to look elsewhere for a sight.
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This battery plant got caught up in a broader trade war between US and China, a reaction to the extraordinary rise of China's electric vehicle market.
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They make up over half of all EV sales globally.
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and in just a few short years have brought slick and affordable electric cars to the market.
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Key to this rise is the electric vehicle battery.
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This part of the EV is where China has really come to dominate the global market.
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So how did Chinese companies create the world's leading EV battery?
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And can U .S automakers make an affordable electric car without it?
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The first major reason for why China's companies were able to
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develop their EV battery is due to a huge amount of government support.
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Roughly 20 years ago, China was on track to become the world's largest importer of oil.
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So electrifying its car fleet would help it become more energy independent.
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Not to mention a growing air pollution problem in China's cities, in part due to car emissions.
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believer in this.
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And his sense was that Chinese companies were just never going to be able to compete on internal combustion engine technology.
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That's how you get this package of policies that really supported what Chinese government defined as new energy vehicles.
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Companies making the cars can get a subsidy whenever they sell a car.
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We're also talking about they're getting cheap, like, land leases from the government.
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They're getting cheap loans from the state -owned banks.
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According billion in the form of subsidies, research spending, and tax breaks to the EV industry.
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And starting around 2009, local governments also gave Chinese companies an instant market by contracting them to electrify their bus
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and taxi fleets.
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The city of Shenzhen's fleet of 16 ,000 buses was electrified by BYD before it became the world's largest EV company.
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To get consumers on board, governments offer them generous subsidies too, along with other benefits.
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Like discounts on charging, favorable parking, traffic congestion related policies that EVs get a break on.
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EVs actually have a different colored license plate even, so it's very visible and so people see, "Oh, that's an EV." they get all the special treatment.
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But the battery wasn't very good in the early days.
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And so the Chinese government goes in and starts introducing stricter standards of batteries, saying, well, you only qualify for this credit if your battery density reaches this level.
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Consumer EV sales in China exploded.
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And when it did, the government did something important to protect their own battery industry.
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When foreign car companies like GM and Tesla wanted to sell their EVs in China,
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the government made a rule that their cars must use Chinese -made batteries for consumer subsidies.
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China's central government phased out consumer subsidies in 2022, but the demand had been created.
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In 2024, over half of new car sales in China were electric.
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- This is like a milestone, because half is a big thing.
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The majority of the people are actually prefering AVs over Gas Car Stahl.
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The second way Chinese battery companies became so dominant is through the supply chain for the battery components.
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The type of battery that typically goes into electric vehicles is called a lithium -ion battery.
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The four main components of the battery cell are the cathode, the anode, the electrolyte solution, and a separator.
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The cathode is usually packed with nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
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The anode uses graphite, and the electrolyte is made up of mostly lithium salts.
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Over the past several years, Chinese companies started acquiring ownership stakes in mines around the world where these minerals exist.
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"So they're sure that if we control the production, then we control the price." The effect is
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that Chinese companies control significant percentages of the world's supply of the minerals needed for batteries.
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But where China really controls the supply chain are the steps after mining.
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No matter who mines the minerals, China refines a vast majority of them.
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This is the step where factories grind down raw mined materials and extract the desired mineral from it.
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It's pretty polluting.
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That's why you don't see that much refining happening in developed countries.
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Chinese plants then also manufacture the vast majority of the four components of the EV batteries,
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the cathode, the anode, the electrolyte, and the separator, sell.
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Because you already had pretty developed manufacturing for batteries aimed at electronics.
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So BYD is actually one of those examples.
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They started by producing batteries for electronics in the 90s and then it got into producing EVs.
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The U .S was never a battery manufacturing player, historically speaking, a lithium ion.
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It was previously Japan and Korea.
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China has now superseded both.
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China's control of the battery supply chain is so encompassing that
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rules say no more than half of a battery's components or minerals could be Chinese sourced to qualify for tax credits, only an estimated 20 percent of EV models qualified.
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With their market dominance, Chinese companies have been able to lead the world in battery innovation.
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In the past two years, Chinese companies figured out how to avoid using the two most expensive battery minerals: nickel and cobalt.
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They did this by innovating on battery technology called lithium iron phosphate, or LFP.
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In 2023, CATL announced an LFP battery that could power a car for 370 miles on just a 10 -minute charge.
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And BYD has developed their own version of an LFP battery, too.
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blade battery.
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It's like a very thin, very long blade.
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But basically they're saying that by using that shape, it can bring more batteries into the same space.
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So in that way, like the same size of a car can travel farther.
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Today, LFP batteries are a growing share of all EV batteries, and nearly all of them are manufactured in China.
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But not for long.
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CATL has built battery plants in Germany and has plans to build one in Hungary for the European auto market.
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And Ford ended up finding a home for its CATL battery plant in the town of Marshall, Michigan.
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The project has triggered a U .S.
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House investigation, but if it goes through, it will be the first LFP plant in the U .S.
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All of these factors have made Chinese EV batteries virtually impossible to avoid in the global transition to electric vehicles.
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Was there not a viable alternative?
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No, there wasn't.
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LFP technology is very well developed.
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The battery business is a global business.
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And there were no alternatives.
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There are some concerns about whether China's government support of the EV industry amounts to unfair global competition.
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as well as human rights and environmental concerns associated with China's battery supply chain.
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The U .S is investing their own government support to build up its battery industry.
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Bloomberg estimated it would cost $82 billion for the U .S to meet their own domestic demand by 2030.
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So it might be possible in the future, but that's no help right now when we desperately need to transition to electric vehicles to wean ourselves from fossil fuels.
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And U .S automakers are struggling to give consumers affordable options.
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So for now, we'll have to decide whether our desire to keep our distance from China outweighs our goals of going electric.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Why China is winning the EV war」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：battery, Chinese, China, electric, companies。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が102文、単語が1403語あります。 音声の長さは8:28です。 話す速さは1分あたり約166語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は80%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| mineral 名詞 | /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/ | 鉱物 |
| subsidy 名詞 | /ˈsʌbsɪdi/ | 援助, 補助 |
| lithium 名詞 | /ˈlɪθi.əm/ | リチウム |
| anode 名詞 | /ˈæn.oʊd/ | 陽極, アノード |
| cathode 名詞 | /ˈkæθ.oʊd/ | 陰極, カソード |
| electrolyte 名詞 | /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/ | 電解液, 電解質 |
| cobalt 名詞 | /ˈkoʊ.bɔlt/ | コバルト |
| separator 名詞 | /ˈsɛpəˌɹeɪtəɹ/ | 仕切り |
| nickel 名詞 | /ˈnɪk.əl/ | ニッケル |
| electronics 名詞 | /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/ | 電子工学, エレクトロニクス |
| blade 名詞 | /bleɪd/ | 刃, ブレード |
| graphite 名詞 | /ˈɡɹæfaɪt/ | 石墨, 黒鉛 |
| importer 名詞 | /ɪmˈpɔː(ɹ)tə(ɹ)/ | 輸入業者 |
| manganese 名詞 | /ˈmæŋ.ɡəˌniz/ | マンガン, 満俺 |
| outweigh 動詞 | /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/ | 上回る |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have brought · has really come · has now superseded |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | was reported · are influenced · was electrified |
注意したい発音
話し手はthey're, wasn't, don'tなど、短縮形や弱形を10回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: lithium /ˈlɪθi.əm/, cathode /ˈkæθ.oʊd/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, adoption /əˈdɑp.ʃən/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: electrify /ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/, electrolyte /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/, separator /ˈsɛpəˌɹeɪtəɹ/, electronics /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: mineral /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/, electrify /ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/, electrolyte /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/, electronics /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: innovate /ˈɪn.ə.veɪt/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/, believer /bɪˈlivɚ/, viable /ˈvaɪəbəl/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: electrify /ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/, qualify /ˈkwɑ.lɪ.faɪ/, refine /ɹɪˈfaɪn/, graphite /ˈɡɹæfaɪt/, phosphate /ˈfɑsfeɪt/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。mineral, subsidy, lithiumなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。