Практика Shadowing: Why China is winning the EV war - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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In 2024, Ford Motors cut back production on their F -150 Lightning, the electric version of their popular pickup truck.

Sales on the Lightning had tanked, in part because it cost more than its gas -powered counterpart.

This isn't just a problem for Ford.

The average price of a new EV in the U .S is about $55 ,000, making electric cars a hard sell for most U .S consumers at a time

when EV adoption is critical for our climate goals.

Roughly 40 % of the cost to produce an electric vehicle is in the battery.

So in 2023, it was reported that Ford was looking at sites in Virginia

or Michigan for a new battery plant that could help lower its costs.

But there's a catch.

The battery technology you would use is from a company based here, in Fujian Province, China.

That company is CATL, the largest battery maker in the world.

Virginia's governor decided to kill the battery plant proposal in his state because of its links to China.

They are influenced, if not controlled, by the Chinese Communist Party.

Putting Ford's CEO on the defense.

Look, this plant is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ford.

them to look elsewhere for a sight.

This battery plant got caught up in a broader trade war between US and China, a reaction to the extraordinary rise of China's electric vehicle market.

They make up over half of all EV sales globally.

and in just a few short years have brought slick and affordable electric cars to the market.

Key to this rise is the electric vehicle battery.

This part of the EV is where China has really come to dominate the global market.

So how did Chinese companies create the world's leading EV battery?

And can U .S automakers make an affordable electric car without it?

The first major reason for why China's companies were able to

develop their EV battery is due to a huge amount of government support.

Roughly 20 years ago, China was on track to become the world's largest importer of oil.

So electrifying its car fleet would help it become more energy independent.

Not to mention a growing air pollution problem in China's cities, in part due to car emissions.

believer in this.

And his sense was that Chinese companies were just never going to be able to compete on internal combustion engine technology.

That's how you get this package of policies that really supported what Chinese government defined as new energy vehicles.

Companies making the cars can get a subsidy whenever they sell a car.

We're also talking about they're getting cheap, like, land leases from the government.

They're getting cheap loans from the state -owned banks.

According billion in the form of subsidies, research spending, and tax breaks to the EV industry.

And starting around 2009, local governments also gave Chinese companies an instant market by contracting them to electrify their bus

and taxi fleets.

The city of Shenzhen's fleet of 16 ,000 buses was electrified by BYD before it became the world's largest EV company.

To get consumers on board, governments offer them generous subsidies too, along with other benefits.

Like discounts on charging, favorable parking, traffic congestion related policies that EVs get a break on.

EVs actually have a different colored license plate even, so it's very visible and so people see, "Oh, that's an EV." they get all the special treatment.

But the battery wasn't very good in the early days.

And so the Chinese government goes in and starts introducing stricter standards of batteries, saying, well, you only qualify for this credit if your battery density reaches this level.

Consumer EV sales in China exploded.

And when it did, the government did something important to protect their own battery industry.

When foreign car companies like GM and Tesla wanted to sell their EVs in China,

the government made a rule that their cars must use Chinese -made batteries for consumer subsidies.

China's central government phased out consumer subsidies in 2022, but the demand had been created.

In 2024, over half of new car sales in China were electric.

- This is like a milestone, because half is a big thing.

The majority of the people are actually prefering AVs over Gas Car Stahl.

The second way Chinese battery companies became so dominant is through the supply chain for the battery components.

The type of battery that typically goes into electric vehicles is called a lithium -ion battery.

The four main components of the battery cell are the cathode, the anode, the electrolyte solution, and a separator.

The cathode is usually packed with nickel, cobalt, and manganese.

The anode uses graphite, and the electrolyte is made up of mostly lithium salts.

Over the past several years, Chinese companies started acquiring ownership stakes in mines around the world where these minerals exist.

"So they're sure that if we control the production, then we control the price." The effect is

that Chinese companies control significant percentages of the world's supply of the minerals needed for batteries.

But where China really controls the supply chain are the steps after mining.

No matter who mines the minerals, China refines a vast majority of them.

This is the step where factories grind down raw mined materials and extract the desired mineral from it.

It's pretty polluting.

That's why you don't see that much refining happening in developed countries.

Chinese plants then also manufacture the vast majority of the four components of the EV batteries,

the cathode, the anode, the electrolyte, and the separator, sell.

Because you already had pretty developed manufacturing for batteries aimed at electronics.

So BYD is actually one of those examples.

They started by producing batteries for electronics in the 90s and then it got into producing EVs.

The U .S was never a battery manufacturing player, historically speaking, a lithium ion.

It was previously Japan and Korea.

China has now superseded both.

China's control of the battery supply chain is so encompassing that

rules say no more than half of a battery's components or minerals could be Chinese sourced to qualify for tax credits, only an estimated 20 percent of EV models qualified.

With their market dominance, Chinese companies have been able to lead the world in battery innovation.

In the past two years, Chinese companies figured out how to avoid using the two most expensive battery minerals: nickel and cobalt.

They did this by innovating on battery technology called lithium iron phosphate, or LFP.

In 2023, CATL announced an LFP battery that could power a car for 370 miles on just a 10 -minute charge.

And BYD has developed their own version of an LFP battery, too.

blade battery.

It's like a very thin, very long blade.

But basically they're saying that by using that shape, it can bring more batteries into the same space.

So in that way, like the same size of a car can travel farther.

Today, LFP batteries are a growing share of all EV batteries, and nearly all of them are manufactured in China.

But not for long.

CATL has built battery plants in Germany and has plans to build one in Hungary for the European auto market.

And Ford ended up finding a home for its CATL battery plant in the town of Marshall, Michigan.

The project has triggered a U .S.

House investigation, but if it goes through, it will be the first LFP plant in the U .S.

All of these factors have made Chinese EV batteries virtually impossible to avoid in the global transition to electric vehicles.

Was there not a viable alternative?

No, there wasn't.

LFP technology is very well developed.

The battery business is a global business.

And there were no alternatives.

There are some concerns about whether China's government support of the EV industry amounts to unfair global competition.

as well as human rights and environmental concerns associated with China's battery supply chain.

The U .S is investing their own government support to build up its battery industry.

Bloomberg estimated it would cost $82 billion for the U .S to meet their own domestic demand by 2030.

100

So it might be possible in the future, but that's no help right now when we desperately need to transition to electric vehicles to wean ourselves from fossil fuels.

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And U .S automakers are struggling to give consumers affordable options.

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So for now, we'll have to decide whether our desire to keep our distance from China outweighs our goals of going electric.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «Why China is winning the EV war». Чаще всего повторяются слова: battery, Chinese, China, electric, companies. В этом видео 102 предложений и 1403 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 8:28. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 166 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 80% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
mineral существительное	/ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/	минера́л
subsidy существительное	/ˈsʌbsɪdi/	субси́дия
lithium существительное	/ˈlɪθi.əm/	ли́тий
anode существительное	/ˈæn.oʊd/	ано́д
cathode существительное	/ˈkæθ.oʊd/	като́д
electrify глагол	/ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/	электризова́ть, наэлектризова́ть
electrolyte существительное	/ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/	электроли́т
qualify глагол	/ˈkwɑ.lɪ.faɪ/	квалифици́ровать
cobalt существительное	/ˈkoʊ.bɔlt/	ко́бальт
refine глагол	/ɹɪˈfaɪn/	очищать
nickel существительное	/ˈnɪk.əl/	ни́кель
electronics существительное	/ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/	электро́ника
blade существительное	/bleɪd/	ле́звие
encompass глагол	/ɪnˈkʌmpəs/	окружа́ть, окружи́ть
graphite существительное	/ˈɡɹæfaɪt/	графи́т

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Значение
build up глагол	накапливаться, скапливаться
end up глагол	зака́нчиваться, зако́нчиться
figure out глагол	разбира́ться, разобра́ться

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	have brought · has really come · has now superseded
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	was reported · are influenced · was electrified

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 10 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, wasn't, don't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: lithium /ˈlɪθi.əm/, cathode /ˈkæθ.oʊd/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, adoption /əˈdɑp.ʃən/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: electrify /ɪˈlɛktɹɪfaɪ/, electrolyte /ɪˈlɛk.tɹəˌlaɪt/, separator /ˈsɛpəˌɹeɪtəɹ/, electronics /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɑ.nɪks/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: qualify /ˈkwɑ.lɪ.faɪ/, outweigh /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/, acquire /əˈkwaɪɚ/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: wholly /ˈhoʊ.li/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: anode /ˈæn.oʊd/, cathode /ˈkæθ.oʊd/, blade /bleɪd/, manganese /ˈmæŋ.ɡəˌniz/, supersede /ˌsuːpəˈsiːd/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как mineral, subsidy, lithium.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

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Практика Shadowing: Why China is winning the EV war - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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