现在完成时

中级

Present perfect

构成与用法

have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事

1.形式

现在完成时 = have / has + 过去分词 (V3)。主语是 he / she / it 或单数名词时用 has，其他主语都用 have。口语中几乎总是用缩写：I've、you've、she's、they've。

	I / you / we / they	he / she / it
肯定式	I've finished.	She's finished.
否定式	I haven't finished.	She hasn't finished.
疑问式	Have you finished?	Has she finished?
简略回答	Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.	Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.

's 可能是 is，也可能是 has。后面跟过去分词时就是 has：She's gone = She has gone。而 She's going = She is going。

2.过去分词 (V3)

规则动词：V3 和一般过去时的形式相同，加 -ed（work → worked, stop → stopped, study → studied）。不规则动词需要记——很多动词的 V3 和过去式不一样，大部分错误就出在这里。

类型	例子 (V1 – V2 – V3)
V2 和 V3 相同	buy – bought – bought, have – had – had, make – made – made, tell – told – told, find – found – found
V3 以 -n / -en 结尾	see – saw – seen, eat – ate – eaten, take – took – taken, write – wrote – written, ride – rode – ridden, fly – flew – flown
i – a – u	drink – drank – drunk, swim – swam – swum, begin – began – begun, sing – sang – sung
V3 和 V1 相同	come – came – come, become – became – become, run – ran – run, put – put – put
特殊	be – was/were – been, go – went – gone, do – did – done

have / has 后面一定要用 V3，不能用过去式：She has gone（不说 has went），I've eaten（不说 have ate）。记不规则动词时，三种形式要一起记。

3.什么时候用

现在完成时把过去和现在连在一起：事情发生过，但说话人想的是现在。所以句子通常不说它是什么时候发生的。

1. 过去的动作，现在还能看到结果

I've lost my keys. I can't get into the house.
我把钥匙弄丢了，进不了家门。
Someone has eaten my cake!
谁把我的蛋糕吃了！
The price of rice has gone up a lot.
米价涨了很多。

2. 新闻和刚刚发生的事——常和 just 连用

Guess what? Lan has passed her driving test!
你猜怎么着？阿兰驾照考试通过了！
The bus has just left. We'll have to wait for the next one.
公交车刚开走，我们只能等下一班了。

3. 到现在为止的经历——have you ever… / I've never…；什么时候发生的并不重要

Have you ever been to Hoi An?
你去过会安吗？
I've never eaten frog legs.
我从来没吃过田鸡腿。
This is the first time I've driven a car.
这是我第一次开车。（不说：the first time I drive）

4. 还没结束的一段时间：today、this week、this year、so far…

I've had three cups of coffee today.
我今天已经喝了三杯咖啡。（今天还没过完）
We haven't had much rain so far this year.
今年到目前为止雨下得不多。

5. 从过去开始、现在仍然如此的情况——和 for、since、How long…? 连用

We've lived in this flat since 2019.
我们从 2019 年起就住在这套公寓里。（不说：We live here since 2019）
How long have you known Minh?
你认识阿明多久了？
They've been married for ten years.
他们结婚十年了。

中文表达这个意思时，动词本身不变，只加“了”“过”“已经”这样的小词。英语则要改变动词本身：I have lived here for five years（不说 I live here five years）。但并不是所有“了”都用现在完成时：有 yesterday 这类已经结束的时间时，英语用一般过去时——I met her yesterday。

4.Gone 还是 been

Go 有两个过去分词，意思不同：has gone (to) = 去了，还没回来（人在那里或在路上）；has been (to) = 去过，已经回来了——常用来说经历。

Mai isn't here. She's gone to the post office.
阿梅不在，她去邮局了。（她还没回来）
I've been to the post office. Here are your stamps.
我去了趟邮局，这是你的邮票。
Have you ever been to Japan?
你去过日本吗？

5.现在完成时还是一般过去时？

如果句子里有已经结束的时间（yesterday、last week、in 2019、three days ago、when I was a child），就用一般过去时，不用现在完成时——即使结果现在还在。

现在完成时	一般过去时
I've lost my phone.	I lost my phone yesterday.
Have you ever been to Da Lat?	When did you go to Da Lat?
She's worked here since 2020.	She worked here from 2018 to 2020.

这一点在“现在完成时与一般过去时”一课中有详细讲解。Just / already / yet / ever 有专门的一课“现在完成时与 just / already / yet / ever”，for / since / ago 在“For / since / ago”一课。

6.常见错误

~~I live here since I was a child.~~
I have lived here since I was a child.
since（从那时到现在）要用现在完成时。
~~She has went home.~~
She has gone home.
has + V3 (gone)，不用过去式。
~~I have seen him yesterday.~~
I saw him yesterday.
yesterday 是已经结束的时间 → 一般过去时。
~~How long do you know Minh?~~
How long have you known Minh?
问到现在为止多长时间 → 现在完成时。
~~This is the first time I visit Hue.~~
This is the first time I've visited Hue.
this is the first time 后面用现在完成时。
~~He have finished his homework.~~
He has finished his homework.
he/she/it → has。

例句

We have lived in this flat since 2019.
I haven't finished the report yet.
My parents have never been abroad.
My sister has just bought a new laptop.