现在完成时与 just / already / yet / ever

这五个词经常和现在完成时一起用。Just、already、ever、never 放在 have/has 和 V3 之间；yet 放在句末。

💡Already 和 yet 不能放在动词和宾语之间：I've already finished my homework 或 I've finished my homework already——不能说 I've finished already my homework。yet 也一样：I haven't finished my lunch yet。

1. just = 刚刚、就在不久前

• Is Nam there? — No, sorry, he's just gone out.

  阿南在吗？——不好意思，他刚出去。

• Hurry up! The film has just started.

  快点！电影刚开始了。

2. already = 事情已经发生了，常常比别人预想的早

• Don't cook for me. I've already eaten.

  别给我做饭了，我已经吃过了。

• Have you already finished? That was quick!

  你已经做完了？好快啊！（already 用在疑问句 = 表示惊讶）

3. yet = 到现在为止——用在否定句表示“还没有”，用在疑问句表示“到现在……了吗？”。说话人预期这件事会发生时用它。

• I haven't booked the tickets yet.

  我还没订票。

• Have you finished your essay yet?

  你的论文写完了吗？

• I still haven't heard from the bank.

  我还是没收到银行的消息。（still haven't 听起来比 yet 更不耐烦）

💡中文“你吃了吗？”“你已经吃了吗？”都很自然，但英语问预期中的事有没有发生时要用 yet：Have you eaten yet?（不用 already）。简略回答是 Not yet. 在标准英式英语里，yet 和现在完成时连用（I haven't eaten yet）；美国人口语中也常用一般过去时（见下文）。

Ever 问的是到现在为止人生中任何时候的经历。要说“从来没有”，用 never。Never 本身已经是否定，所以不要再加 not。

• Have you ever ridden a motorbike? — Yes, I have. / No, never.

  你骑过摩托车吗？——骑过。/ 从来没有。

• My grandmother has never owned a smartphone.

  我奶奶从来没用过智能手机。

• I've never seen such a beautiful beach.

  我从没见过这么美的海滩。

• It's the best pho I've ever had.

  这是我吃过的最好吃的河粉。（ever 用在肯定句：常跟在最高级后面）

It's / This is the first (second, third…) time + 现在完成时。中文这里说“我第一次做……”，动词不变，但英语一定要用 have/has + V3。如果故事发生在过去，就变成 It was the first time + had + V3。

• This is the first time I've cooked pho.

  这是我第一次做河粉。（不说：the first time I cook）

• It's the third time you've asked me that today!

  这已经是你今天第三次问我这个了！

• It was the first time I had seen the sea.

  那是我第一次看到大海。（过去的故事 → had + V3）

说去过某地的经历时用 been（去了又回来了）。Gone 表示人走了，还没回来。

• Tam has never been to a football match.

  阿心从来没去看过足球比赛。

• Where's Dad? — He's gone to the market. He'll be back soon.

  爸爸呢？——他去市场了，很快就回来。

• I've just been to the gym. I'm exhausted!

  我刚从健身房回来，累死了！

美式英语，尤其是口语中，人们常把 just、already、yet 和一般过去时连用。两种都对；考试时或按英式用法时，用现在完成时最保险。

• I've just seen your message. / I just saw your message.

  我刚看到你的消息。（英式 / 美式）

• Have you eaten yet? / Did you eat yet?

  你吃饭了吗？（英式 / 美式）

• ✗I have finished already my homework.

  ✓I have already finished my homework.

  already 放在 have 和 V3 之间（或句末），不能放在动词和宾语之间。

• ✗She hasn't called me already.

  ✓She hasn't called me yet.

  否定句用 yet。

• ✗I haven't finished yet my lunch.

  ✓I haven't finished my lunch yet.

  yet 放在句末。

• ✗He has never went abroad.

  ✓He has never been abroad.

  has + V3；说出行的经历用 been。

• ✗I haven't never tried sushi.

  ✓I've never tried sushi.

  never 本身就是否定——不要再加 not。

• ✗It's the first time I see snow.

  ✓It's the first time I've seen snow.

  it's the first time 后面用现在完成时。