第 4 课 · 第 1 阶段: 基础
一般现在时
初级Present simple
构成与用法
I work, she works, do you work?, he doesn't——习惯、日常和一贯如此的事
1.形式
一般现在时用动词原形；只有主语是 he / she / it（以及单数名词）时才加 -s / -es。疑问句和否定句需要助动词 do / does。中文动词没有这种变化，所以第三人称单数的 -s 最容易漏掉。
| I / you / we / they | he / she / it | |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定式 | I work. | She works. |
| 否定式 | I don't work. | She doesn't work. |
| 疑问式 | Do you work? | Does she work? |
| 简略回答 | Yes, I do. / No, I don't. | Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. |
Does / doesn't 已经带了 -s，所以后面的动词要还原成原形：She doesn't like（不是 likes），Does he play?（不是 plays）。
2.加 -s 还是 -es
| 动词结尾 | 规则 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 大多数动词 | + s | work → works, play → plays, read → reads |
| -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o | + es | miss → misses, wash → washes, watch → watches, fix → fixes, go → goes, do → does |
| 辅音字母 + y | y → ies | study → studies, carry → carries, fly → flies |
| 元音字母 + y | + s | stay → stays, enjoy → enjoys, buy → buys |
| have | 不规则 | have → has |
词尾的读音：在咝音后读 /ɪz/（watches、washes、misses），在清辅音 p、t、k、f 后读 /s/（works、stops），其他情况读 /z/（plays、reads、lives）。注意：does 读 /dʌz/，says 读 /sez/。
3.什么时候用
1. 习惯和反复发生的事
I get up at six every day.
我每天六点起床。
My dad drinks green tea after dinner.
我爸爸晚饭后喝绿茶。
2. 普遍事实——永远正确的事
Water boils at 100 degrees.
水在 100 度沸腾。
Cats don't like water.
猫不喜欢水。
3. 长期的情况——住在哪里、做什么工作、喜好
She lives in Can Tho and works for a bank.
她住在芹苴，在一家银行工作。
What do you do? — I'm a designer.
你是做什么的？——我是设计师。（询问别人的职业）
4. 时刻表和固定日程（即使是将来的事）
The last bus leaves at 10:30.
末班车 10:30 发车。
The shop opens at nine on Sundays.
这家店星期天九点开门。
5. 说出来就等于在做这件事：I promise、I agree、I suggest、I apologise、I refuse…
I promise I'll call you tonight.
我保证今晚给你打电话。
I agree with you.
我同意你的看法。
4.频率副词
一般现在时常和表示频率的词一起用。从最常到最少：always → usually → often → sometimes → rarely / hardly ever → never。
- 放在普通动词前面：I often cook at home.
- 放在 be 后面：She is always late.
- 否定句中，放在 don't/doesn't 后面：I don't usually eat meat.
- every day、on Mondays、twice a week 这类时间短语通常放在句末：We play football twice a week.
- 询问频率：How often do you go to the gym?
5.常见错误
He work in a hotel.He works in a hotel.
he/she/it → 动词加 -s。
She doesn't likes coffee.She doesn't like coffee.
doesn't 后面用原形。
Does he speaks English?Does he speak English?
does 后面用原形。
What means this word?What does this word mean?
这个疑问句需要 does。
I always am tired.I am always tired.
频率副词放在 be 后面。
例句
- My dad drinks coffee every morning.
- Does your sister work in a bank?
- Linh watches TV after dinner every day.
- Hung doesn't eat meat. He's a vegetarian.
