第 4 課 · 第 1 階段: 基礎
一般現在時
初級Present simple
構成與用法
I work, she works, do you work?, he doesn't——習慣、日常和一貫如此的事
1.形式
一般現在時用動詞原形；只有主語是 he / she / it（以及單數名詞）時才加 -s / -es。疑問句和否定句需要助動詞 do / does。中文動詞沒有這種變化，所以第三人稱單數的 -s 最容易漏掉。
| I / you / we / they | he / she / it | |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定式 | I work. | She works. |
| 否定式 | I don't work. | She doesn't work. |
| 疑問式 | Do you work? | Does she work? |
| 簡略回答 | Yes, I do. / No, I don't. | Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. |
Does / doesn't 已經帶了 -s，所以後面的動詞要還原成原形：She doesn't like（不是 likes），Does he play?（不是 plays）。
2.加 -s 還是 -es
| 動詞結尾 | 規則 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 大多數動詞 | + s | work → works, play → plays, read → reads |
| -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o | + es | miss → misses, wash → washes, watch → watches, fix → fixes, go → goes, do → does |
| 子音字母 + y | y → ies | study → studies, carry → carries, fly → flies |
| 母音字母 + y | + s | stay → stays, enjoy → enjoys, buy → buys |
| have | 不規則 | have → has |
詞尾的讀音：在噝音後讀 /ɪz/（watches、washes、misses），在清子音 p、t、k、f 後讀 /s/（works、stops），其他情況讀 /z/（plays、reads、lives）。注意：does 讀 /dʌz/，says 讀 /sez/。
3.什麼時候用
1. 習慣和反覆發生的事
I get up at six every day.
我每天六點起床。
My dad drinks green tea after dinner.
我爸爸晚飯後喝綠茶。
2. 普遍事實——永遠正確的事
Water boils at 100 degrees.
水在 100 度沸騰。
Cats don't like water.
貓不喜歡水。
3. 長期的情況——住在哪裡、做什麼工作、喜好
She lives in Can Tho and works for a bank.
她住在芹苴，在一家銀行工作。
What do you do? — I'm a designer.
你是做什麼的？——我是設計師。（詢問別人的職業）
4. 時刻表和固定日程（即使是將來的事）
The last bus leaves at 10:30.
末班車 10:30 發車。
The shop opens at nine on Sundays.
這家店星期天九點開門。
5. 說出來就等於在做這件事：I promise、I agree、I suggest、I apologise、I refuse…
I promise I'll call you tonight.
我保證今晚給你打電話。
I agree with you.
我同意你的看法。
4.頻率副詞
一般現在時常和表示頻率的詞一起用。從最常到最少：always → usually → often → sometimes → rarely / hardly ever → never。
- 放在普通動詞前面：I often cook at home.
- 放在 be 後面：She is always late.
- 否定句中，放在 don't/doesn't 後面：I don't usually eat meat.
- every day、on Mondays、twice a week 這類時間短語通常放在句末：We play football twice a week.
- 詢問頻率：How often do you go to the gym?
5.常見錯誤
He work in a hotel.He works in a hotel.
he/she/it → 動詞加 -s。
She doesn't likes coffee.She doesn't like coffee.
doesn't 後面用原形。
Does he speaks English?Does he speak English?
does 後面用原形。
What means this word?What does this word mean?
這個疑問句需要 does。
I always am tired.I am always tired.
頻率副詞放在 be 後面。
例句
- My dad drinks coffee every morning.
- Does your sister work in a bank?
- Linh watches TV after dinner every day.
- Hung doesn't eat meat. He's a vegetarian.
