تدريب Shadowing: Types Of Manufacturing Processes (Job Shop, Batch, Mass, Flow, Process Type Manufacturing Processes) - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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Different production systems require different types of manufacturing process and require different conditions for their working.
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Selection of manufacturing process is a strategic decision as any change in the same is very costly and time -consuming affair.
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Therefore the manufacturing process is selected at the stage of planning a business venture.
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This must be selected keeping in view two important parameters, which are two, meeting the specification of the final product, and to be cost -effective.
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The manufacturing process is classified into four types.
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Number 1, Jobbing Manufacturing Process.
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Number 2, Batch Manufacturing Process.
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Number 3, Mass or Flow Manufacturing Process.
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And, Number 4, Process Type Manufacturing Process.
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Let's start by discussing about Jobbing Manufacturing Process.
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This is used to produce one or few units of the products as per the requirement and specification of the customer.
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Production is to meet the delivery schedule and costs are fixed prior to the contract made with the customer.
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Batch Manufacturing Process This is used to produce limited quantities of
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each of the different types of products in the form of batches.
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These batches of different products are manufactured on same set of machines.
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Different batches or products are produced separately one after the other.
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Mass or flow manufacturing process.
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This is used to produce a large quantity of same product at a time that is stocked for sale.
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All machines and required equipments are arranged according to the sequence of operations, termed as line arrangement or line flow.
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This ensures very high rate of production.
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One line arrangement can produce only one type of product.
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Therefore, a different line arrangement is needed for a different product.
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And, process type manufacturing process.
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This is used to produce the products which need a particular process, definite sequence of operations.
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For example, petroleum.
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In this, production run is conducted for an indefinite period.
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So, what are the factors affecting the choice of manufacturing process?
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Now let's discuss the factors needed to be considered before making a choice of manufacturing process.
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Factor number 1, Effect of Volume and Variety.
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This is one of the major considerations in selection of manufacturing process.
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When the volume is low and variety is high,
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intermittent process is most suitable and with increase in volume and reduction in variety continuous process become suitable.
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The following figure indicates the choice of manufacturing process as a function of volume and variety.
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Factor number 2, Capacity of the Plant Predicted sales volume is the key factor to make a choice between batch
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and line process.
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In case of line process, fixed costs are substantially higher than variable costs.
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The reverse is true for batch process thus at low volume it would be cheaper to install
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and maintain a batch process
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and line process becomes economical at higher volumes factor number three
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lead time the continuous process normally results faster deliveries as compared to batch process therefore lead time
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and level of competition certainly influenced the choice of production process
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and factor number four flexibility
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and efficiency the manufacturing process needs to be flexible enough to adapt contemplated changes
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and volume of production should be large enough to lower costs
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hence it is very important for entrepreneur to consider all these
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mentioned factors before taking a decision pertaining to the type of
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manufacturing process to be adopted as far as small -scale enterprises
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are concerned they usually adopt batch processes due to less volume of production
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and low investment once the entrepreneur has made a final choice pertaining to the product design production system
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and process his next critical decision is the production and planning control decision
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 50 جملة و596 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 4:09. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة ثابتة، نحو 144 كلمة في الدقيقة، وهي سرعة مريحة للترديد. 85% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| arrangement اسم | /əˈɹeɪnd͡ʒmənt/ | تَرْتِيب |
| select فعل | /sɪˈlɛkt/ | اِخْتَارَ |
| suitable صفة | [ˈsjuː.tə.bɫ̩] | مُنَاسِب, مُلَائِم |
| continuous صفة | /kənˈtɪn.juː.əs/ | مُتَوَاصِل, مُتَّصِل |
| adopt فعل | /əˈdɑpt/ | تَبَنَّى |
| quantity اسم | /ˈkwɑn(t)ɪti/ | كَمِّيَّة, مِقْدَار |
| entrepreneur اسم | /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/ | رَائِد أَعْمال مُتَعَهِّد, مُقَاوِل m مُلْتَزِم |
| compare فعل | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | قَارَنَ |
| strategic صفة | /stɹəˈti.dʒɪk/ | إِسْتِرَاتِيجِيّ |
| reduction اسم | /ɹɪˈdʌk.ʃən/ | نَقْص |
| enterprise اسم | /ˈɛntəˌpɹaɪz/ | مُغَامَرَة, شَرِكَة |
| indicate فعل | /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ | دَلَّ عَلَى, رَمَزَ إِلَى |
| affair اسم | /əˈfɛɹ/ | شَأْن |
| requirement اسم | /ɹɪˈkwaɪɹmənt/ | مَطْلَب, طَلَب |
| install فعل | /ɪnˈstɔl/ | رَكَّبَ |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: reduction /ɹɪˈdʌk.ʃən/, efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/, consideration /kənˌsɪd.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: continuous /kənˈtɪn.juː.əs/, entrepreneur /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/, efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si/, consideration /kənˌsɪd.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, flexibility /ˌflɛksɪˈbɪlɪti/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل arrangement, select, suitable.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.