Shadowing Practice: How Personality Predicts Success in Different Fields - Learn English Speaking with Video
Creando lección...
1
If you gave a thousand people a list of adjectives to describe themselves with, and one of the adjectives was happy,
2
and another of the adjectives was social,
3
you'd find that those who rated themselves high on happy would also rate themselves high on social,
4
and those who rated themselves low on happy would also rate themselves low on social.
5
And by looking at those patterns of co-variation, you can determine what the essential dimensions are of human personality.
6
One of the dimensions is, roughly, happiness.
7
That's extroversion.
8
Another dimension is neuroticism.
9
It's a negative emotion dimension.
10
So if you ask someone if they're anxious and they score high, say on a scale of one to seven,
11
they're also likely to score high on another item that says that they're sad.
12
And it turns out that negative emotions clump together.
13
And so that people who experience more of one negative emotion have a propensity to experience more of all of them.
14
There's another dimension called agreeableness.
15
and agreeable people are self-sacrificing, compassionate and polite.
16
If you're dealing with an agreeable person, they don't like conflict.
17
They care for other people.
18
If you're dealing with an agreeable person, they're likely to put your concerns ahead of theirs.
19
They're non-competitive and cooperative.
20
It's a dimension where women score more highly than men on agreeableness across cultures,
21
including those cultures where the largest steps have been taken towards producing an egalitarian social circumstance, like Scandinavia, actually.
22
The gender differences in personality there are larger than they are anywhere else.
23
Another trait is conscientiousness.
24
Conscientiousness is an excellent trait if you want to do well in school and in work, especially if you're a manager and administrator.
25
I can't say we understand a lot about conscientiousness, although it reliably emerges from factor analytic studies of adjective groups across different countries.
26
Conscientious people are diligent, industrious, and orderly.
27
Their orderliness tilts them towards political conservatism, by the way, the way, because it turns out that your inbuilt temperament,
28
your inbuilt personality, which constitutes a set of filters through which you view the world,
29
also alters the manner in which you process information and influences the way that you vote.
30
And so you might say, and I do believe that this is true, we've been doing a lot of research on this as of late,
31
the more accurate a measure you take of someone's political beliefs, the more you find that personality is what's predicting them.
32
And I think that's a reasonable thing to think about because, you know, you have to figure out ways of simplifying the world, right?
33
Because you just can't do everything.
34
And so people are specialized.
35
They have specialized niches that they occupy.
36
You can think about them as social niches.
37
A niche is a place where your particular skills would serve to maintain you.
38
And so if you're extroverted, you're going to look for a social niche because you like to be around people.
39
And if you're introverted, you're going to spend much more time on your own.
40
And so if you're an introverted person, for example, you're going to want a job where you're not selling
41
and where you're not surrounded by groups of people who are making social demands on you all the time
42
because it'll wear you out.
43
Whereas if you're extroverted, that's just exactly what you want.
44
And so the extrovert sees the world as a place of social opportunity.
45
And the introvert sees the world as a place to retreat from and spend time alone.
46
And it turns out that both of those modes of being are valid.
47
The issue, at least to some degree, is whether or not you're fortunate enough to match your temperament with the demands of the environment.
48
And I suppose also whether you're fortunate enough so
49
that you're born in an era where there actually is a niche for your particular temperament.
50
Because it isn't necessarily the case that that will be the case.
51
Imagine that all of these temperamental dimensions vary because of evolutionary pressure, right?
52
So there's a distribution of extraversion, a normal distribution.
53
Most people are somewhere in the middle, and then as you go out towards the extremes, there are fewer and fewer people.
54
And what that means is that on average, across large spans of time,
55
there have been environments that match every single position on that distribution
56
with most of the environments matching the center because otherwise we wouldn't have evolved that way.
57
And so sometimes being really extroverted is going to work well for you in a minority of environments, a minority of niches and sometimes it's just going to be a catastrophe.
58
I suspect, for example, that if you live in a tyrannical society
59
where any sign of personally oriented activity is likely to get you in trouble.
60
That being extroverted and low in neuroticism wouldn't be a very good idea
61
because you're going to be mouthy and happy and saying a lot of things, unable to keep your thoughts to yourself, and you're going to be relatively fearless.
62
Now, I don't know that for sure because we haven't done the studies that precisely match temperamental proclivity to environmental demand, but you get what I mean.
63
So, conscientious people, anyways, conscientious people are industrious and orderly.
64
We know a little bit about orderliness.
65
It seems to be associated, strangely enough, with disgust sensitivity, which I suppose isn't that surprising.
66
You know, if you take an orderly person and you put them in a messy kitchen, they respond with disgust and want nothing more than to straighten it all out
67
and organize it and clean it and there's tremendous variability in orderliness.
68
And as I said, orderliness predicts political conservatism, it's not the only thing, but it's certainly one of the things.
69
The correlation between conscientiousness and grades is about 0.4, it's about 16% of the variance.
70
It's the second best predictor of university grades after intelligence, and we'll talk about intelligence during this course too.
71
Intelligence is actually a relatively straightforward concept I don't think I'll get into it today,
72
but Conscientious people, their industriousness and their orderliness makes them schedule their time So they make efficient use of their time, they use schedules and
73
that sort of thing We haven't been able to figure out anything about the underlying biology
74
or psychology of industriousness We've tried really dozens
75
and dozens of tests attempting to find a laboratory measure on which industrious people do better and we failed completely.
76
And there's no animal models of industriousness either.
77
And so I would say it's a great mystery that remains at the heart of trait psychology.
78
And maybe it's a human specific category, you know.
79
I mean you can think of sled dogs maybe of being industrious and maybe sheep dogs and animals that work like that, but of course they've been trained by human beings.
80
But it isn't obvious that animals are industrious the same way we are.
81
I mean, industriousness involves sacrificing the present for the future, something like that.
82
And it seems like you have to be able to conceptualize time in order to sacrifice the present for the future.
83
One of the things that I would recommend that you do as students in this course, and maybe in every course,
84
speaking of industriousness, is come up with a plan of attack for the course and use a scheduler.
85
If you treat your university career like a full-time job, you're much more likely to succeed.
86
And if you keep up on the readings and you keep up on the essays and all of that,
87
then you're much less likely as well to fall into despair when you get too far behind.
88
Using a Google Calendar or something like that to organize a schedule for the entire semester
89
at the beginning of the semester can be invaluable, especially if you're not very industriousness, very industrious, because it can keep you on track.
90
And one of the things we know about industrious people is
91
that they are very good at using schedules and at planning the use of their time.
92
And so I would like to say that you should all be smarter, but I don't know how you could be smarter.
93
We don't know anything about how to improve intelligence.
94
And I suppose we don't really know anything about how to improve industriousness either.
95
But I can tell you
96
that people who are industrious come up with a strategy for solving the problem that's ahead of them.
97
And then they do whatever they can to stick to the strategy.
98
And so, for example, if you sat down today or tomorrow for a couple of hours, three hours, and you filled in a Google Calendar, whatever you happen to use,
99
with a strategy for studying and a list of when all your assignments are due and all of that, and when you're going to sit down and study,
100
then you won't be in a position where you have to
101
cram for 10 hours a day hopelessly right before an important exam.
102
It's also a very ineffective way of studying, by the way.
103
I mean, first of all, people who cram for 10 hours say they're studying for 10 hours, but they rarely are because, well, I can't study for 10 hours.
104
I don't have the power of concentration that would enable me to do that for that prolonged period of time.
105
I can manage about three hours of intense intellectual activity before I'm pretty done.
106
And it's also the case that if you study and then sleep
107
and then study and then sleep and then study and then sleep, you space it out, then you're much more likely to remember.
108
It's also much more likely that you're much more likely to remember if you try to recall the material.
109
And so highlighting and that sort of thing isn't very useful.
110
But reading, closing the book, summarizing what you've read without opening the damn book, that's useful.
111
And the reason for that is that you're practicing remembering.
112
And that's what you have to practice.
113
If you're practicing memorization, you have to practice remembering.
114
You don't just go over the thing over and over.
115
That'll help you with recognition memory, some, but it won't help you with recall memory.
116
Anyways, the last trait is openness.
117
Openness is a creativity trait.
118
It's also associated with intelligence in that intelligent people, and I'm speaking technically of IQ tend to be higher and tend to be more creative,
119
which is hardly surprising.
120
Creative people are more likely to be liberal politically, by the way.
121
They like novelty, they like aesthetics, they like fiction, they like movies, they like art, they like poetry.
122
There's something about them that grants them an aesthetic sensitivity, and that's an in-built trait.
123
It's not the case, by the way, that everyone's creative.
124
In fact, far from it.
125
We've used the creative achievement questionnaire to measure people's creativity.
126
I'll talk to you about that later in the class.
127
And the creative achievement questionnaire takes 13 dimensions of creativity.
128
So, you know, writing, dancing, acting, scientific investigation, entrepreneurial activity, architectural activity, cooking.
129
there's a handful of others, singing, etc. You know, the sorts of things that you would assume that people could be creative about.
130
And then it asks people to rate themselves on a scale from 1 to 10 on their level of achievement
131
with regards to all those creative domains with zero being, I have no training or proficiency in this area.
132
And 70% of people score zero across the entire creative achievement questionnaire.
133
a tiny proportion of people are outliers way out
134
and they're creative in many dimensions simultaneously
135
and exceptionally creative it turns out as you'll find out that
136
that pattern which is called a Pareto distribution where most people stack up at zero
137
and a few people are way out on the creative end
138
characterizes all sorts of distributions like the distribution of money for example
139
which is why one percent of the people have the overwhelming
140
majority of the money it's a different one percent across time it like it churns
141
and you're much more likely to be in the one percent
142
if you're older logically enough
143
because one of the things you do as you age is you trade youth for money
144
if you're fortunate i don't think the trade is really worth it
145
but that's the best you've got
146
so anyways those particular traits you can think of those as ways
147
that you simplify the world right there's lots of different places
148
that you can act in the world
149
and there's lots of different ways you can look at it
150
and survive that's why you can be a plumber and a lawyer
151
and an engineer and those all work right even though they're very different modes of being
152
and you can have different personalities and survive as long as you're capable of
153
finding the place where your particular filters and behavioral proclivities match the demand of of the environment.
154
And a huge part, I would say, of successful adaptation is precisely that.
📺 Mismo canal
B22
Learn How To Write and It Will Change Your Life
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2Why You Can't Force Yourself to Do Anything
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1This One Skill Will Change Your Life
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1This Is How You Become More Articulate
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
✨ Recomendar Video
B21
89 oraciones
The Science Behind An "Attractive Personality"
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1124 oraciones
What Makes People Successful? | Angela Duckworth
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
49 oraciones
Jordan Peterson - The Real Purpose of Universities
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
225 oraciones
The Psychology of People Who Are Too Aware
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
85 oraciones
An Introvert's Guide to Happiness
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
235 oraciones
The Psychology of Money in 20 minutes
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
93 oraciones
How to Establish Yourself as a Leader - 9 Leadership Tactics
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B278 oraciones
7 Things That Can Tell You A Lot About A Person
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
42 oraciones
Jordan Peterson - How To Read And Study More Effectively
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
65 oraciones
How To Beat Fear And Anxiety | Jordan Peterson | Powerful Life Advice
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
160 oraciones
7 Habits of Highly Effective People | Summary | Stephen Covey | Part 1
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
316 oraciones
Enough Talking. Start Becoming Someone
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación de nivel C1 se basa en el vídeo “How Personality Predicts Success in Different Fields”. Las palabras que más se repiten: creative, likely, dimension. Este vídeo tiene 154 frases y 2190 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 13:25. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 163 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 83 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| dimension sustantivo | /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/ | dimensión |
| industrious adjetivo | /ɪnˈdʌstɹi.əs/ | aplicado, trabajador |
| trait sustantivo | /tɹeɪt/ | rasgo, característica |
| niche sustantivo | /nɪt͡ʃ/ | hornacina, nicho |
| extroverted adjetivo | /ˈɛkstɹəˌvəɹtɪd/ | extrovertido |
| orderliness sustantivo | /ˈɔːdəlɪnəs/ | orden |
| adjective sustantivo | /ˈæd͡ʒ.ɪk.tɪv/ | adjetivo |
| conscientious adjetivo | /ˌkɑn.ʃiˈɛn.ʃəs/ | concienzudo |
| conscientiousness sustantivo | conciencia | |
| agreeable adjetivo | /əˈɡɹiəbəl/ | lisonjero, agradable |
| introverted adjetivo | /ˈɪn.tɹəˌvɜːɹ.təd/ | introvertido |
| orderly adjetivo | /ˈɔɹdɚli/ | ordenado |
| questionnaire sustantivo | /ˌk(w)ɛstʃəˈnɛə/ | cuestionario, encuesta |
| temperament sustantivo | /ˈtɛm.pɚ.ə.mənt/ | temperamento |
| fortunate adjetivo | /ˈfɔɹ.t͡ʃə.nɪt/ | afortunado, propicio |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| turn out verbo | resultar |
| come up with verbo | ingeniar, ingeniarse |
| figure out verbo | averiguar, captar |
| sit down verbo | sentarse |
| find out verbo | averiguar, anoticiarse |
| go out verbo | salir |
| go over verbo | sentar, pasar |
Frases que vale la pena repetir
Frases cortas y completas del vídeo que puedes reutilizar en la conversación diaria:
- Because you just can't do everything.
- We don't know anything about how to improve intelligence.
- If you're practicing memorization, you have to practice remembering.
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | have been taken · have specialized · have been |
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | have been taken · are specialized · being really extroverted |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | those who rated · people who experience · people who are |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 74 contracciones y formas reducidas, como you're, don't, they're. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “th”: aesthetics /ɛsˈθɛt.ɪks/, theirs /ðɛɚz/, aesthetic /ɛsˈθɛ.tɪk/
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: dimension /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/, conscientious /ˌkɑn.ʃiˈɛn.ʃəs/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, memorization /ˈmem(ə)ɹaɪˌzeɪʃn̩/, proficiency /pɹəˈfɪʃənsi/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: industrious /ɪnˈdʌstɹi.əs/, extroverted /ˈɛkstɹəˌvəɹtɪd/, orderliness /ˈɔːdəlɪnəs/, conscientious /ˌkɑn.ʃiˈɛn.ʃəs/, introverted /ˈɪn.tɹəˌvɜːɹ.təd/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, straighten /ˈstɹeɪtn̩/, strangely /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒli/, straightforward /ˌstɹeɪtˈfɔː(ɹ)wə(ɹ)d/, stack /stæk/
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: extroverted /ˈɛkstɹəˌvəɹtɪd/, adjective /ˈæd͡ʒ.ɪk.tɪv/, introverted /ˈɪn.tɹəˌvɜːɹ.təd/, creativity /kri.eɪˈtɪv.ᵻ.ti/, conservatism /kənˈsɜːvətɪzəm/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: anyways /ˈɛn.iˌweɪz/, conservatism /kənˈsɜːvətɪzəm/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, organize /ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/, characterize /ˈkɛɹəktəɹaɪz/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como dimension, industrious, trait.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.