Shadowing Practice: How the rich avoid paying taxes - Learn English Speaking with Video
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This is Warren Buffett, one of the richest people in the world, thanks to the company he runs, Berkshire Hathaway.
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Basically it's a holding company that just owns a bunch of other companies — Geico,
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Dairy Queen, a huge railroad — as well as a lot of stock in other companies like Apple and Coca-Cola.
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So when those companies do well and their stock goes up, Berkshire Hathaway stock goes up.
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When Buffett took over the company in 1965, a single share was worth $19.
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Today it's worth nearly half a million dollars.
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Buffett owns nearly 240,000 of these shares.
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This is where his wealth is.
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But as he's been known for pointing out, Warren Buffett still pays a lower tax rate than his secretary.
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She pays at twice the rate I pay.
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I think that's outrageous.
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That's because they pay different types of taxes.
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His secretary pays income taxes on her salary, but Buffett mainly pays capital gains taxes on his sold stock.
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And that's taxed at nearly half the rate.
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The wealthy are definitely undertaxed.
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In the U.S., the disparity between the richest Americans and everyone else has been growing.
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And in the last 40 years, the after-tax income of the richest has risen more than 400 percent, while middle-class income has only risen 50.
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The way these people make money is very different than the way these people make money.
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And they're not taxed the same.
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I pay less in taxes than people that work for a living and make as much money as I do.
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This is Morris.
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He used to work on Wall Street.
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Now he's retired and lives off his many stock market investments.
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I own stock in companies like Berkshire Hathaway and Amazon and Apple.
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He's a pretty typical one percenter, except that he spends his money advocating for rich people like him to be taxed more.
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I want to live in a country filled with a middle
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class of people who can all afford to shop in our businesses.
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Most people have a normal job.
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They get a paycheck and pay income tax, ranging from 10 to 37 percent.
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But people like Morris, they make a lot of their income from investments, generally stocks in real estate.
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These investments are taxed as capital gains.
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And things like long-term stock have a maximum tax rate of just 20%.
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I sold some stock recently for $400,000.
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And my taxes on that is of around $50,000.
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But that $50,000 is far less taxed than anyone who has a job making $400,000 a year would pay.
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And most of his wealth, well, isn't even taxable.
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People like Morris or Buffett are worth so much money because of the stock that they hold.
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But it's not tangible, spendable, taxable money.
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I can look at my stock portfolio and I can say, oh, you know, I made a million dollars this year.
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But it doesn't have to pay anything in taxes
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because our system is based on only paying taxes when you actually sell something.
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Amazon's Jeff Bezos, the richest man in America, thanks mostly to his Amazon stock, pays almost nothing in taxes.
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We value his worth here, but it's never taxed, unless it's turned into real money when he sells the stock, and it's taxed as a capital gain.
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This is one way billionaires are able to be technically worth so much money, but pay so little in taxes.
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Some billionaires, like Elon Musk, are able to get loans against their stocks and live off of that.
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They don't even need to sell the stock to turn it into spendable money.
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No sale, no taxes.
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The fact is, if you're a billionaire, you don't need any income.
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There's also a big loophole in capital gains taxes that the rich exploit called the stepped-up basis.
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If, hypothetically, Warren Buffett were to sell his stock, he'd have to pay capital gains taxes based on his profit.
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So the cost of the stock minus the original investment.
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But if he holds off selling his entire life, when he dies, whoever inherits the stock,
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and then sells it, would only have to pay taxes on what they earned after they inherited it, leaving all those original gains untaxed.
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It's part of what's called buy, borrow, die, and it's one way the richest families avoid paying taxes.
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It's this system, and the fact
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that most taxable capital gains are going to the top 1%
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that lawmakers see changing the capital gains tax as an easy way to tax the rich.
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President Biden has proposed closing that stepped-up loophole and increasing the maximum tax rate from 20% to 39.6%,
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but just for people making more than a million dollars a year.
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Critics argue that it may discourage people from investing in the stock market, or that current millionaires would just sell less stock.
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But it would bring in more tax revenue, from more conservative estimates of $200 billion over 10 years to double that.
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It would also mean Buffett would pay a closer tax rate to his secretary.
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But this pile of unrealized money still goes untaxed.
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There's a lot of things we could do to make the system more fair.
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We could have taxes on wealth.
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We could have taxes on gains in the stock market.
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Most Americans are bothered that wealthy people don't pay their fair share.
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And changing capital gains taxes wouldn't be the whole solution, but advocates argue it would be an easy place to start.
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Our system is making the rich get richer and richer and richer, and everyone else just not.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación de nivel B2 se basa en el vídeo “How the rich avoid paying taxes”. Las palabras que más se repiten: stock, taxes, gain, tax, Buffett. Este vídeo tiene 69 frases y 922 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 5:46. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 160 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 83 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| taxable adjetivo | /ˈtæksəbəl/ | imponible |
| billionaire sustantivo | /ˌbɪl.jəˈnɛɚ/ | milmillonario, millardario |
| loophole sustantivo | /ˈluphoʊl/ | escapatoria, recoveco |
| inherit verbo | /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/ | heredar |
| disparity sustantivo | /dɪˈspæɹɪti/ | disparidad |
| hypothetically adverbio | hipotéticamente | |
| paycheck sustantivo | /ˈpeɪ.t͡ʃɛk/ | cheque de pago, cheque salarial |
| unrealized adjetivo | irrealizado, non realizado | |
| discourage verbo | /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/ | descorazonar, acobardar |
| tangible adjetivo | /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/ | tangible, palpable |
| millionaire sustantivo | /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/ | millonario, millonaria |
| outrageous adjetivo | /aʊtˈɹeɪ.d͡ʒəs/ | indignante, inaudito |
| exploit sustantivo | /ˈɛksplɔɪt/ | hazaña, proeza |
| critic sustantivo | /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/ | crítico |
| propose verbo | /pɹəˈpəʊz/ | proponer |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| go up verbo | subir |
| step up verbo | aumentar, redoblar |
| hold off verbo | posponer, retrasar |
| point out verbo | señalar, apuntar |
| take over verbo | apoderarse, enseñorearse |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | been known · are definitely undertaxed · be taxed |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | has risen · has proposed |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | people who can · anyone who has |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 9 contracciones y formas reducidas, como don't, doesn't, he'd. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: disparity /dɪˈspæɹɪti/, millionaire /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/, portfolio /pɔːtˈfəʊ.liˌəʊ/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- /dʒ/ — no es la “y” ni la “ch”: discourage /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/, tangible /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/, outrageous /aʊtˈɹeɪ.d͡ʒəs/
- /h/ — una aspiración suave, no la “j”: loophole /ˈluphoʊl/, inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como taxable, billionaire, loophole.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.