Prática de Shadowing: How the rich avoid paying taxes - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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This is Warren Buffett, one of the richest people in the world, thanks to the company he runs, Berkshire Hathaway.
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Basically it's a holding company that just owns a bunch of other companies — Geico,
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Dairy Queen, a huge railroad — as well as a lot of stock in other companies like Apple and Coca-Cola.
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So when those companies do well and their stock goes up, Berkshire Hathaway stock goes up.
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When Buffett took over the company in 1965, a single share was worth $19.
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Today it's worth nearly half a million dollars.
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Buffett owns nearly 240,000 of these shares.
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This is where his wealth is.
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But as he's been known for pointing out, Warren Buffett still pays a lower tax rate than his secretary.
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She pays at twice the rate I pay.
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I think that's outrageous.
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That's because they pay different types of taxes.
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His secretary pays income taxes on her salary, but Buffett mainly pays capital gains taxes on his sold stock.
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And that's taxed at nearly half the rate.
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The wealthy are definitely undertaxed.
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In the U.S., the disparity between the richest Americans and everyone else has been growing.
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And in the last 40 years, the after-tax income of the richest has risen more than 400 percent, while middle-class income has only risen 50.
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The way these people make money is very different than the way these people make money.
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And they're not taxed the same.
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I pay less in taxes than people that work for a living and make as much money as I do.
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This is Morris.
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He used to work on Wall Street.
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Now he's retired and lives off his many stock market investments.
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I own stock in companies like Berkshire Hathaway and Amazon and Apple.
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He's a pretty typical one percenter, except that he spends his money advocating for rich people like him to be taxed more.
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I want to live in a country filled with a middle
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class of people who can all afford to shop in our businesses.
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Most people have a normal job.
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They get a paycheck and pay income tax, ranging from 10 to 37 percent.
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But people like Morris, they make a lot of their income from investments, generally stocks in real estate.
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These investments are taxed as capital gains.
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And things like long-term stock have a maximum tax rate of just 20%.
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I sold some stock recently for $400,000.
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And my taxes on that is of around $50,000.
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But that $50,000 is far less taxed than anyone who has a job making $400,000 a year would pay.
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And most of his wealth, well, isn't even taxable.
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People like Morris or Buffett are worth so much money because of the stock that they hold.
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But it's not tangible, spendable, taxable money.
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I can look at my stock portfolio and I can say, oh, you know, I made a million dollars this year.
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But it doesn't have to pay anything in taxes
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because our system is based on only paying taxes when you actually sell something.
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Amazon's Jeff Bezos, the richest man in America, thanks mostly to his Amazon stock, pays almost nothing in taxes.
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We value his worth here, but it's never taxed, unless it's turned into real money when he sells the stock, and it's taxed as a capital gain.
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This is one way billionaires are able to be technically worth so much money, but pay so little in taxes.
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Some billionaires, like Elon Musk, are able to get loans against their stocks and live off of that.
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They don't even need to sell the stock to turn it into spendable money.
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No sale, no taxes.
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The fact is, if you're a billionaire, you don't need any income.
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There's also a big loophole in capital gains taxes that the rich exploit called the stepped-up basis.
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If, hypothetically, Warren Buffett were to sell his stock, he'd have to pay capital gains taxes based on his profit.
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So the cost of the stock minus the original investment.
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But if he holds off selling his entire life, when he dies, whoever inherits the stock,
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and then sells it, would only have to pay taxes on what they earned after they inherited it, leaving all those original gains untaxed.
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It's part of what's called buy, borrow, die, and it's one way the richest families avoid paying taxes.
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It's this system, and the fact
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that most taxable capital gains are going to the top 1%
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that lawmakers see changing the capital gains tax as an easy way to tax the rich.
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President Biden has proposed closing that stepped-up loophole and increasing the maximum tax rate from 20% to 39.6%,
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but just for people making more than a million dollars a year.
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Critics argue that it may discourage people from investing in the stock market, or that current millionaires would just sell less stock.
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But it would bring in more tax revenue, from more conservative estimates of $200 billion over 10 years to double that.
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It would also mean Buffett would pay a closer tax rate to his secretary.
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But this pile of unrealized money still goes untaxed.
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There's a lot of things we could do to make the system more fair.
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We could have taxes on wealth.
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We could have taxes on gains in the stock market.
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Most Americans are bothered that wealthy people don't pay their fair share.
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And changing capital gains taxes wouldn't be the whole solution, but advocates argue it would be an easy place to start.
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Our system is making the rich get richer and richer and richer, and everyone else just not.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível B2 usa o vídeo “How the rich avoid paying taxes”. As palavras que mais se repetem: stock, taxes, gain, tax, Buffett. Este vídeo tem 69 frases e 922 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:46. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 160 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 83% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| billionaire substantivo | /ˌbɪl.jəˈnɛɚ/ | bilionário |
| loophole substantivo | /ˈluphoʊl/ | brecha |
| inherit verbo | /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/ | herdar |
| disparity substantivo | /dɪˈspæɹɪti/ | disparidade |
| hypothetically advérbio | hipoteticamente | |
| discourage verbo | /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/ | desencorajar, desanimar |
| tangible adjetivo | /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/ | tangível |
| millionaire substantivo | /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/ | milionário |
| outrageous adjetivo | /aʊtˈɹeɪ.d͡ʒəs/ | ultrajante, insultuoso |
| exploit substantivo | /ˈɛksplɔɪt/ | façanha, proeza |
| critic substantivo | /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/ | crítico |
| propose verbo | /pɹəˈpəʊz/ | propor |
| minus | /ˈmaɪ.nəs/ | menos |
| borrow verbo | /ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/ | emprestar, tomar emprestado |
| retire verbo | /ɹəˈtaɪɹ/ | aposentar-se, reformar-se |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| go up verbo | subir |
| hold off verbo | deter, reter |
| point out verbo | apontar |
| take over verbo | tomar posse de, apoderar-se de |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | been known · are definitely undertaxed · be taxed |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has risen · has proposed |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | people who can · anyone who has |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 9 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, doesn't, he'd. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: disparity /dɪˈspæɹɪti/, millionaire /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/, portfolio /pɔːtˈfəʊ.liˌəʊ/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/, paycheck /ˈpeɪ.t͡ʃɛk/, exploit /ˈɛksplɔɪt/, critic /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: taxable /ˈtæksəbəl/, loophole /ˈluphoʊl/, tangible /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/, pile /paɪl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: loophole /ˈluphoʊl/, inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como billionaire, loophole, inherit.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.