Pratique du Shadowing: How the rich avoid paying taxes - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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This is Warren Buffett, one of the richest people in the world, thanks to the company he runs, Berkshire Hathaway.
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Basically it's a holding company that just owns a bunch of other companies — Geico,
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Dairy Queen, a huge railroad — as well as a lot of stock in other companies like Apple and Coca-Cola.
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So when those companies do well and their stock goes up, Berkshire Hathaway stock goes up.
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When Buffett took over the company in 1965, a single share was worth $19.
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Today it's worth nearly half a million dollars.
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Buffett owns nearly 240,000 of these shares.
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This is where his wealth is.
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But as he's been known for pointing out, Warren Buffett still pays a lower tax rate than his secretary.
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She pays at twice the rate I pay.
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I think that's outrageous.
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That's because they pay different types of taxes.
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His secretary pays income taxes on her salary, but Buffett mainly pays capital gains taxes on his sold stock.
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And that's taxed at nearly half the rate.
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The wealthy are definitely undertaxed.
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In the U.S., the disparity between the richest Americans and everyone else has been growing.
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And in the last 40 years, the after-tax income of the richest has risen more than 400 percent, while middle-class income has only risen 50.
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The way these people make money is very different than the way these people make money.
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And they're not taxed the same.
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I pay less in taxes than people that work for a living and make as much money as I do.
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This is Morris.
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He used to work on Wall Street.
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Now he's retired and lives off his many stock market investments.
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I own stock in companies like Berkshire Hathaway and Amazon and Apple.
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He's a pretty typical one percenter, except that he spends his money advocating for rich people like him to be taxed more.
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I want to live in a country filled with a middle
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class of people who can all afford to shop in our businesses.
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Most people have a normal job.
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They get a paycheck and pay income tax, ranging from 10 to 37 percent.
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But people like Morris, they make a lot of their income from investments, generally stocks in real estate.
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These investments are taxed as capital gains.
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And things like long-term stock have a maximum tax rate of just 20%.
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I sold some stock recently for $400,000.
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And my taxes on that is of around $50,000.
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But that $50,000 is far less taxed than anyone who has a job making $400,000 a year would pay.
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And most of his wealth, well, isn't even taxable.
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People like Morris or Buffett are worth so much money because of the stock that they hold.
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But it's not tangible, spendable, taxable money.
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I can look at my stock portfolio and I can say, oh, you know, I made a million dollars this year.
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But it doesn't have to pay anything in taxes
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because our system is based on only paying taxes when you actually sell something.
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Amazon's Jeff Bezos, the richest man in America, thanks mostly to his Amazon stock, pays almost nothing in taxes.
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We value his worth here, but it's never taxed, unless it's turned into real money when he sells the stock, and it's taxed as a capital gain.
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This is one way billionaires are able to be technically worth so much money, but pay so little in taxes.
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Some billionaires, like Elon Musk, are able to get loans against their stocks and live off of that.
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They don't even need to sell the stock to turn it into spendable money.
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No sale, no taxes.
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The fact is, if you're a billionaire, you don't need any income.
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There's also a big loophole in capital gains taxes that the rich exploit called the stepped-up basis.
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If, hypothetically, Warren Buffett were to sell his stock, he'd have to pay capital gains taxes based on his profit.
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So the cost of the stock minus the original investment.
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But if he holds off selling his entire life, when he dies, whoever inherits the stock,
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and then sells it, would only have to pay taxes on what they earned after they inherited it, leaving all those original gains untaxed.
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It's part of what's called buy, borrow, die, and it's one way the richest families avoid paying taxes.
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It's this system, and the fact
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that most taxable capital gains are going to the top 1%
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that lawmakers see changing the capital gains tax as an easy way to tax the rich.
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President Biden has proposed closing that stepped-up loophole and increasing the maximum tax rate from 20% to 39.6%,
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but just for people making more than a million dollars a year.
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Critics argue that it may discourage people from investing in the stock market, or that current millionaires would just sell less stock.
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But it would bring in more tax revenue, from more conservative estimates of $200 billion over 10 years to double that.
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It would also mean Buffett would pay a closer tax rate to his secretary.
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But this pile of unrealized money still goes untaxed.
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There's a lot of things we could do to make the system more fair.
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We could have taxes on wealth.
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We could have taxes on gains in the stock market.
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Most Americans are bothered that wealthy people don't pay their fair share.
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And changing capital gains taxes wouldn't be the whole solution, but advocates argue it would be an easy place to start.
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Our system is making the rich get richer and richer and richer, and everyone else just not.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau B2 s’appuie sur la vidéo « How the rich avoid paying taxes ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : stock, taxes, gain, tax, Buffett. Cette vidéo contient 69 phrases et 922 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:46. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 160 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 83 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| taxable adjectif | /ˈtæksəbəl/ | imposable, taxable |
| billionaire nom | /ˌbɪl.jəˈnɛɚ/ | milliardaire |
| loophole nom | /ˈluphoʊl/ | échappatoire, brèche |
| inherit verbe | /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/ | hériter |
| disparity nom | /dɪˈspæɹɪti/ | disparité |
| hypothetically adverbe | hypothétiquement | |
| discourage verbe | /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/ | décourager |
| tangible adjectif | /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/ | tangible, palpable |
| millionaire nom | /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/ | millionnaire |
| outrageous adjectif | /aʊtˈɹeɪ.d͡ʒəs/ | outrageant, scandaleux |
| exploit nom | /ˈɛksplɔɪt/ | exploit |
| critic nom | /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/ | critique |
| propose verbe | /pɹəˈpəʊz/ | proposer |
| minus | /ˈmaɪ.nəs/ | moins |
| borrow verbe | /ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/ | emprunter |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| go up verbe | monter, s'élever |
| step up verbe | accroître, augmenter |
| point out verbe | pointer |
| take over verbe | reprendre |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | been known · are definitely undertaxed · be taxed |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has risen · has proposed |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | people who can · anyone who has |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 9 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, doesn't, he'd. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: disparity /dɪˈspæɹɪti/, millionaire /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/, portfolio /pɔːtˈfəʊ.liˌəʊ/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: loophole /ˈluphoʊl/, inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: paycheck /ˈpeɪ.t͡ʃɛk/, discourage /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/, tangible /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/, outrageous /aʊtˈɹeɪ.d͡ʒəs/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/, disparity /dɪˈspæɹɪti/, millionaire /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/, outrageous /aʊtˈɹeɪ.d͡ʒəs/, critic /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme taxable, billionaire, loophole.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.