Практика Shadowing: How the rich avoid paying taxes - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
1
This is Warren Buffett, one of the richest people in the world, thanks to the company he runs, Berkshire Hathaway.
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Basically it's a holding company that just owns a bunch of other companies — Geico,
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Dairy Queen, a huge railroad — as well as a lot of stock in other companies like Apple and Coca-Cola.
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So when those companies do well and their stock goes up, Berkshire Hathaway stock goes up.
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When Buffett took over the company in 1965, a single share was worth $19.
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Today it's worth nearly half a million dollars.
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Buffett owns nearly 240,000 of these shares.
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This is where his wealth is.
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But as he's been known for pointing out, Warren Buffett still pays a lower tax rate than his secretary.
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She pays at twice the rate I pay.
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I think that's outrageous.
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That's because they pay different types of taxes.
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His secretary pays income taxes on her salary, but Buffett mainly pays capital gains taxes on his sold stock.
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And that's taxed at nearly half the rate.
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The wealthy are definitely undertaxed.
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In the U.S., the disparity between the richest Americans and everyone else has been growing.
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And in the last 40 years, the after-tax income of the richest has risen more than 400 percent, while middle-class income has only risen 50.
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The way these people make money is very different than the way these people make money.
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And they're not taxed the same.
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I pay less in taxes than people that work for a living and make as much money as I do.
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This is Morris.
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He used to work on Wall Street.
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Now he's retired and lives off his many stock market investments.
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I own stock in companies like Berkshire Hathaway and Amazon and Apple.
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He's a pretty typical one percenter, except that he spends his money advocating for rich people like him to be taxed more.
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I want to live in a country filled with a middle
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class of people who can all afford to shop in our businesses.
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Most people have a normal job.
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They get a paycheck and pay income tax, ranging from 10 to 37 percent.
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But people like Morris, they make a lot of their income from investments, generally stocks in real estate.
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These investments are taxed as capital gains.
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And things like long-term stock have a maximum tax rate of just 20%.
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I sold some stock recently for $400,000.
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And my taxes on that is of around $50,000.
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But that $50,000 is far less taxed than anyone who has a job making $400,000 a year would pay.
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And most of his wealth, well, isn't even taxable.
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People like Morris or Buffett are worth so much money because of the stock that they hold.
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But it's not tangible, spendable, taxable money.
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I can look at my stock portfolio and I can say, oh, you know, I made a million dollars this year.
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But it doesn't have to pay anything in taxes
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because our system is based on only paying taxes when you actually sell something.
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Amazon's Jeff Bezos, the richest man in America, thanks mostly to his Amazon stock, pays almost nothing in taxes.
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We value his worth here, but it's never taxed, unless it's turned into real money when he sells the stock, and it's taxed as a capital gain.
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This is one way billionaires are able to be technically worth so much money, but pay so little in taxes.
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Some billionaires, like Elon Musk, are able to get loans against their stocks and live off of that.
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They don't even need to sell the stock to turn it into spendable money.
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No sale, no taxes.
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The fact is, if you're a billionaire, you don't need any income.
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There's also a big loophole in capital gains taxes that the rich exploit called the stepped-up basis.
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If, hypothetically, Warren Buffett were to sell his stock, he'd have to pay capital gains taxes based on his profit.
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So the cost of the stock minus the original investment.
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But if he holds off selling his entire life, when he dies, whoever inherits the stock,
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and then sells it, would only have to pay taxes on what they earned after they inherited it, leaving all those original gains untaxed.
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It's part of what's called buy, borrow, die, and it's one way the richest families avoid paying taxes.
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It's this system, and the fact
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that most taxable capital gains are going to the top 1%
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that lawmakers see changing the capital gains tax as an easy way to tax the rich.
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President Biden has proposed closing that stepped-up loophole and increasing the maximum tax rate from 20% to 39.6%,
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but just for people making more than a million dollars a year.
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Critics argue that it may discourage people from investing in the stock market, or that current millionaires would just sell less stock.
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But it would bring in more tax revenue, from more conservative estimates of $200 billion over 10 years to double that.
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It would also mean Buffett would pay a closer tax rate to his secretary.
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But this pile of unrealized money still goes untaxed.
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There's a lot of things we could do to make the system more fair.
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We could have taxes on wealth.
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We could have taxes on gains in the stock market.
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Most Americans are bothered that wealthy people don't pay their fair share.
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And changing capital gains taxes wouldn't be the whole solution, but advocates argue it would be an easy place to start.
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Our system is making the rich get richer and richer and richer, and everyone else just not.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «How the rich avoid paying taxes». Чаще всего повторяются слова: stock, taxes, gain, tax, Buffett. В этом видео 69 предложений и 922 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:46. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 160 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 83% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| billionaire существительное | /ˌbɪl.jəˈnɛɚ/ | миллиарде́р, миллиарде́рша |
| loophole существительное | /ˈluphoʊl/ | лазе́йка, увёртка |
| inherit глагол | /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/ | насле́довать, унасле́довать |
| disparity существительное | /dɪˈspæɹɪti/ | нера́венство, разли́чие |
| hypothetically наречие | гипотети́чески | |
| paycheck существительное | /ˈpeɪ.t͡ʃɛk/ | зарпла́та |
| discourage глагол | /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/ | обескура́живать, обескура́жить |
| tangible прилагательное | /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/ | осяза́емый, ощути́мый |
| millionaire существительное | /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/ | миллионе́р, миллионе́рша |
| outrageous прилагательное | /aʊtˈɹeɪ.d͡ʒəs/ | вопию́щий, возмути́тельный |
| exploit существительное | /ˈɛksplɔɪt/ | по́двиг, сверше́ние |
| critic существительное | /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/ | кри́тик |
| propose глагол | /pɹəˈpəʊz/ | предлага́ть, предложи́ть |
| minus | /ˈmaɪ.nəs/ | ми́нус |
| borrow глагол | /ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/ | занима́ть, заня́ть |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| go up глагол | поднима́ться, подня́ться |
| step up глагол | нарастить, поднажать |
| hold off глагол | откла́дывать |
| point out глагол | ука́зывать, указа́ть |
| take over глагол | брать на себя́, взять на себя́ |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | been known · are definitely undertaxed · be taxed |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | has risen · has proposed |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | people who can · anyone who has |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 9 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, doesn't, he'd. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: disparity /dɪˈspæɹɪti/, millionaire /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/, portfolio /pɔːtˈfəʊ.liˌəʊ/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: loophole /ˈluphoʊl/, inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: discourage /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/, propose /pɹəˈpəʊz/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как billionaire, loophole, inherit.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.