Pratica di Shadowing: How the rich avoid paying taxes - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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This is Warren Buffett, one of the richest people in the world, thanks to the company he runs, Berkshire Hathaway.
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Basically it's a holding company that just owns a bunch of other companies — Geico,
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Dairy Queen, a huge railroad — as well as a lot of stock in other companies like Apple and Coca-Cola.
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So when those companies do well and their stock goes up, Berkshire Hathaway stock goes up.
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When Buffett took over the company in 1965, a single share was worth $19.
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Today it's worth nearly half a million dollars.
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Buffett owns nearly 240,000 of these shares.
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This is where his wealth is.
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But as he's been known for pointing out, Warren Buffett still pays a lower tax rate than his secretary.
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She pays at twice the rate I pay.
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I think that's outrageous.
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That's because they pay different types of taxes.
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His secretary pays income taxes on her salary, but Buffett mainly pays capital gains taxes on his sold stock.
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And that's taxed at nearly half the rate.
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The wealthy are definitely undertaxed.
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In the U.S., the disparity between the richest Americans and everyone else has been growing.
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And in the last 40 years, the after-tax income of the richest has risen more than 400 percent, while middle-class income has only risen 50.
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The way these people make money is very different than the way these people make money.
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And they're not taxed the same.
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I pay less in taxes than people that work for a living and make as much money as I do.
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This is Morris.
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He used to work on Wall Street.
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Now he's retired and lives off his many stock market investments.
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I own stock in companies like Berkshire Hathaway and Amazon and Apple.
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He's a pretty typical one percenter, except that he spends his money advocating for rich people like him to be taxed more.
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I want to live in a country filled with a middle
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class of people who can all afford to shop in our businesses.
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Most people have a normal job.
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They get a paycheck and pay income tax, ranging from 10 to 37 percent.
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But people like Morris, they make a lot of their income from investments, generally stocks in real estate.
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These investments are taxed as capital gains.
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And things like long-term stock have a maximum tax rate of just 20%.
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I sold some stock recently for $400,000.
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And my taxes on that is of around $50,000.
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But that $50,000 is far less taxed than anyone who has a job making $400,000 a year would pay.
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And most of his wealth, well, isn't even taxable.
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People like Morris or Buffett are worth so much money because of the stock that they hold.
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But it's not tangible, spendable, taxable money.
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I can look at my stock portfolio and I can say, oh, you know, I made a million dollars this year.
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But it doesn't have to pay anything in taxes
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because our system is based on only paying taxes when you actually sell something.
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Amazon's Jeff Bezos, the richest man in America, thanks mostly to his Amazon stock, pays almost nothing in taxes.
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We value his worth here, but it's never taxed, unless it's turned into real money when he sells the stock, and it's taxed as a capital gain.
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This is one way billionaires are able to be technically worth so much money, but pay so little in taxes.
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Some billionaires, like Elon Musk, are able to get loans against their stocks and live off of that.
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They don't even need to sell the stock to turn it into spendable money.
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No sale, no taxes.
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The fact is, if you're a billionaire, you don't need any income.
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There's also a big loophole in capital gains taxes that the rich exploit called the stepped-up basis.
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If, hypothetically, Warren Buffett were to sell his stock, he'd have to pay capital gains taxes based on his profit.
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So the cost of the stock minus the original investment.
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But if he holds off selling his entire life, when he dies, whoever inherits the stock,
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and then sells it, would only have to pay taxes on what they earned after they inherited it, leaving all those original gains untaxed.
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It's part of what's called buy, borrow, die, and it's one way the richest families avoid paying taxes.
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It's this system, and the fact
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that most taxable capital gains are going to the top 1%
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that lawmakers see changing the capital gains tax as an easy way to tax the rich.
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President Biden has proposed closing that stepped-up loophole and increasing the maximum tax rate from 20% to 39.6%,
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but just for people making more than a million dollars a year.
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Critics argue that it may discourage people from investing in the stock market, or that current millionaires would just sell less stock.
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But it would bring in more tax revenue, from more conservative estimates of $200 billion over 10 years to double that.
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It would also mean Buffett would pay a closer tax rate to his secretary.
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But this pile of unrealized money still goes untaxed.
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There's a lot of things we could do to make the system more fair.
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We could have taxes on wealth.
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We could have taxes on gains in the stock market.
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Most Americans are bothered that wealthy people don't pay their fair share.
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And changing capital gains taxes wouldn't be the whole solution, but advocates argue it would be an easy place to start.
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Our system is making the rich get richer and richer and richer, and everyone else just not.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione di livello B2 si basa sul video “How the rich avoid paying taxes”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: stock, taxes, gain, tax, Buffett. Questo video contiene 69 frasi e 922 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 5:46. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 160 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Il 83% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| billionaire sostantivo | /ˌbɪl.jəˈnɛɚ/ | miliardario |
| loophole sostantivo | /ˈluphoʊl/ | scappatoia, cavillo |
| inherit verbo | /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/ | ereditare |
| hypothetically avverbio | ipoteticamente | |
| discourage verbo | /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/ | scoraggiare |
| tangible aggettivo | /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/ | tangibile, palpabile |
| millionaire sostantivo | /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/ | milionario |
| exploit sostantivo | /ˈɛksplɔɪt/ | gesto eroico, gesta eroiche |
| critic sostantivo | /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/ | critico |
| propose verbo | /pɹəˈpəʊz/ | proporre |
| minus | /ˈmaɪ.nəs/ | meno |
| borrow verbo | /ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/ | prendere in prestito |
| retire verbo | /ɹəˈtaɪɹ/ | ritirarsi |
| dairy sostantivo | /ˈdɛə.ɹi/ | latticini |
| technically avverbio | /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/ | veramente, tecnicamente |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| go up verbo | salire |
| hold off verbo | ritardare |
| point out verbo | additare |
| take over verbo | usurpare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | been known · are definitely undertaxed · be taxed |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has risen · has proposed |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | people who can · anyone who has |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 9 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come don't, doesn't, he'd. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: disparity /dɪˈspæɹɪti/, millionaire /ˌmɪl.i.əˈnɛə(ɹ)/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/, portfolio /pɔːtˈfəʊ.liˌəʊ/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: loophole /ˈluphoʊl/, inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: inherit /ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/, paycheck /ˈpeɪ.t͡ʃɛk/, discourage /dɪsˈkɝɪd͡ʒ/, outrageous /aʊtˈɹeɪ.d͡ʒəs/, exploit /ˈɛksplɔɪt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: taxable /ˈtæksəbəl/, disparity /dɪˈspæɹɪti/, tangible /ˈtæn.d͡ʒə.bəl/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come billionaire, loophole, inherit.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.