Практика Shadowing: Why no aquarium has a great white shark - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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There are some shark species that seem to do okay in aquariums.

You'll see a lot of nurse sharks, zebra sharks, some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks, but not the great white.

For decades, aquariums have tried to contain the world's largest predatory fish.

Institutions like Marineland, SeaWorld and the Steinhardt Aquarium repeatedly took in white sharks during the 1970s, 80s and 90s, at times drawing huge crowds.

But they never lasted long.

Some needed help swimming.

None of them would eat.

The longest one lasted was just 16 days.

A 1984 report by the Steinhardt Aquarium put it this way.

In most cases, it could be said that all of these captive sharks were merely in the process of dying, with some taking longer than others.

They had constructed an elaborate transport tank with a harness and IV fluids, but still couldn't keep the sharks alive.

It wasn't until 2004 that the Monterey Bay Aquarium proved

that it was possible to keep white sharks for at least six months.

It took a massive effort, and no one's done it since.

Our approach was one of sort of a systematic, logical sequence of things leading up to our success, and it started with designing the tank.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium had a million -gallon egg -shaped tank, 35 feet deep, designed for open -ocean animals like tuna and sharks.

So you need a big tank.

You also need a small shark.

Adult great whites reach 15 feet on average.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium nabbed one in 2004 that was 4 feet 4 inches, less than a year old.

That made it easier to move and easier to keep.

When they're young, they feed on fish.

And as they get older, they transition to feeding more on mammals.

And so we were targeting the age bracket where we were more able to feed their natural diet it.

And once they collected the shark, they didn't take it straight to the aquarium.

Instead, the Monterey Bay team set up a four million gallon pen right there in the ocean.

That way they could monitor the shark and see

if it would feed before they moved it into a transport tank to travel from Southern California, where the sharks were born, up to the aquarium.

Sharks, like all fish, need to have water continually passing through their gills in order to get oxygen.

Most species can open and close their mouths to pump water through, but white sharks and a couple dozen other species don't do that.

To breathe, they have to move forward through the water with their mouths open.

That's why white sharks start to weaken as soon as they're caught in the net.

And that's why they needed a custom built transport tank for mobile life support.

Everything from oxygen sensors and video cameras and lighting and filtration systems

that were needed for the what turned out to roughly be nine to 11 hour transport time.

Aquarium attendance jumped 30 % while the shark was on display.

After six and a half months, they decided to release it because it had killed two other sharks.

Over the next six years, the aquarium displayed five more baby white sharks.

Some they paid fishermen to hand over, some they caught themselves.

Their stays ranged from just 11 days up to five months.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium had succeeded in doing what no one else could.

But it did take a toll on the sharks.

They developed visible sores from bumping into the sides of the tank.

We actually snuck in with photographers

and took pictures of the sharks as they were beginning to trit and fail due to constant scraping against the wall, basically.

As we viewed it, it was a vase of flowers that would be kept for the visitors.

Historically, aquariums kept sharks that lived near the seabed or near reefs.

That makes sense it's easier to recreate those habitats in a tank.

But in recent decades, aquariums have wanted to bring in bigger, more pelagic sharks, those that spend time roaming the open ocean.

They've even been able to exhibit the largest shark in the world, the whale shark, if they have a big enough tank.

But pelagic sharks are used to being able to swim long distances without obstructions, changing directions only as they please.

So the faster moving sharks like the white shark, mako shark, and blue shark, They have trouble with walls when they're put in a tank.

That's what was happening with the Monterey Bay Aquarium's sixth white shark in 2011.

They decided to release it after 55 days and its tracking tag revealed that the shark died shortly after being released.

They're not sure why.

But since then, they haven't tried to bring in another great white shark.

It's a very, very, very resource intensive program

and we felt like we had accomplished our goal of introducing the general public to a live white shark.

It took a huge, carefully planned system to keep a white shark alive.

And even then, the sharks didn't quite fit there.

We can't seem to stop trying though.

Earlier this year, an 11 and a half foot great white shark was taken to an aquarium in Okinawa,

Japan, after getting caught in a fisherman's net.

It was the only adult white shark ever to be put on display.

And within three days, it was dead.

I wanted to show you a great resource online called the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

It's the product of a couple dozen museums and libraries, all agreeing to scan millions of pages from books related to biodiversity.

They've got a bunch of great albums on Flickr, including one that's all about sharks.

Some of these go back to the 16th and 17th centuries, back when naturalists used to call sharks see dogs,

which is funny because as we now know, sharks were roaming the oceans for about 300 million years before the first mammals showed up.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Why no aquarium has a great white shark». Чаще всего повторяются слова: shark, aquarium, tank, Monterey, Bay. В этом видео 27 предложений и 989 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:49. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 170 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 76% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
aquarium существительное	/əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/	аква́риум
resource существительное	/ɹɪˈzɔːs/	ресу́рс, запа́с
oxygen существительное	/ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/	кислоро́д
swim глагол	/swɪm/	пла́вать, плыть
reef существительное	/ɹiːf/	риф
gallon существительное	/ˈɡælən/	галло́н
shortly наречие	/ˈʃɔɹtli/	кра́тко, недо́лго
carefully наречие	/ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/	осторо́жно, аккура́тно
transition существительное	/tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/	перехо́д, превраще́ние
sand существительное	/sænd/	песо́к
custom существительное	/ˈkʌstəm/	обы́чай, привы́чка
reveal глагол	/ɹɪˈviːl/	выявля́ть, раскрыва́ть
flower существительное	/ˈfloʊɚ/	цвето́к, цветы́
institution существительное	/ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/	институ́т, институ́ция
nurse существительное	/nɝs/	медсестра́, сиде́лка

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Произношение	Значение
hand over глагол		передава́ть, переда́ть
move forward глагол		продвига́ть, продви́нуть
set up глагол	/ˌsɛt ˈʌp/	устана́вливать, установи́ть
show up глагол		объявля́ться, объяви́ться

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	could be said · were born · were needed
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	have tried · have wanted · They've even been

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 14 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, didn't, they've. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: sixth /sɪksθ/, breathe /bɹiːð/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, obstruction /əbˈstɹʌk.ʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: aquarium /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, photographer /fəˈtɑ.ɡɹə.fɚ/, repeatedly /ɹɪˈpiːtɪdli/, elaborate /ɪˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: aquarium /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/, swim /swɪm/, sequence /ˈsiː.kwəns/, whale /ˈweɪl/, weaken /ˈwikən/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/, harness /ˈhɑɹ.nəs/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: sand /sænd/, succeed /səkˈsiːd/, fluid /ˈflu.ɪd/, intensive /ɪnˈtɛnsɪv/, captive /ˈkæptɪv/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как aquarium, resource, oxygen.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: Why no aquarium has a great white shark - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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