跟讀練習: Why no aquarium has a great white shark - 通過影片學習英語口語

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There are some shark species that seem to do okay in aquariums.

You'll see a lot of nurse sharks, zebra sharks, some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks, but not the great white.

For decades, aquariums have tried to contain the world's largest predatory fish.

Institutions like Marineland, SeaWorld and the Steinhardt Aquarium repeatedly took in white sharks during the 1970s, 80s and 90s, at times drawing huge crowds.

But they never lasted long.

Some needed help swimming.

None of them would eat.

The longest one lasted was just 16 days.

A 1984 report by the Steinhardt Aquarium put it this way.

In most cases, it could be said that all of these captive sharks were merely in the process of dying, with some taking longer than others.

They had constructed an elaborate transport tank with a harness and IV fluids, but still couldn't keep the sharks alive.

It wasn't until 2004 that the Monterey Bay Aquarium proved

that it was possible to keep white sharks for at least six months.

It took a massive effort, and no one's done it since.

Our approach was one of sort of a systematic, logical sequence of things leading up to our success, and it started with designing the tank.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium had a million -gallon egg -shaped tank, 35 feet deep, designed for open -ocean animals like tuna and sharks.

So you need a big tank.

You also need a small shark.

Adult great whites reach 15 feet on average.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium nabbed one in 2004 that was 4 feet 4 inches, less than a year old.

That made it easier to move and easier to keep.

When they're young, they feed on fish.

And as they get older, they transition to feeding more on mammals.

And so we were targeting the age bracket where we were more able to feed their natural diet it.

And once they collected the shark, they didn't take it straight to the aquarium.

Instead, the Monterey Bay team set up a four million gallon pen right there in the ocean.

That way they could monitor the shark and see

if it would feed before they moved it into a transport tank to travel from Southern California, where the sharks were born, up to the aquarium.

Sharks, like all fish, need to have water continually passing through their gills in order to get oxygen.

Most species can open and close their mouths to pump water through, but white sharks and a couple dozen other species don't do that.

To breathe, they have to move forward through the water with their mouths open.

That's why white sharks start to weaken as soon as they're caught in the net.

And that's why they needed a custom built transport tank for mobile life support.

Everything from oxygen sensors and video cameras and lighting and filtration systems

that were needed for the what turned out to roughly be nine to 11 hour transport time.

Aquarium attendance jumped 30 % while the shark was on display.

After six and a half months, they decided to release it because it had killed two other sharks.

Over the next six years, the aquarium displayed five more baby white sharks.

Some they paid fishermen to hand over, some they caught themselves.

Their stays ranged from just 11 days up to five months.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium had succeeded in doing what no one else could.

But it did take a toll on the sharks.

They developed visible sores from bumping into the sides of the tank.

We actually snuck in with photographers

and took pictures of the sharks as they were beginning to trit and fail due to constant scraping against the wall, basically.

As we viewed it, it was a vase of flowers that would be kept for the visitors.

Historically, aquariums kept sharks that lived near the seabed or near reefs.

That makes sense it's easier to recreate those habitats in a tank.

But in recent decades, aquariums have wanted to bring in bigger, more pelagic sharks, those that spend time roaming the open ocean.

They've even been able to exhibit the largest shark in the world, the whale shark, if they have a big enough tank.

But pelagic sharks are used to being able to swim long distances without obstructions, changing directions only as they please.

So the faster moving sharks like the white shark, mako shark, and blue shark, They have trouble with walls when they're put in a tank.

That's what was happening with the Monterey Bay Aquarium's sixth white shark in 2011.

They decided to release it after 55 days and its tracking tag revealed that the shark died shortly after being released.

They're not sure why.

But since then, they haven't tried to bring in another great white shark.

It's a very, very, very resource intensive program

and we felt like we had accomplished our goal of introducing the general public to a live white shark.

It took a huge, carefully planned system to keep a white shark alive.

And even then, the sharks didn't quite fit there.

We can't seem to stop trying though.

Earlier this year, an 11 and a half foot great white shark was taken to an aquarium in Okinawa,

Japan, after getting caught in a fisherman's net.

It was the only adult white shark ever to be put on display.

And within three days, it was dead.

I wanted to show you a great resource online called the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

It's the product of a couple dozen museums and libraries, all agreeing to scan millions of pages from books related to biodiversity.

They've got a bunch of great albums on Flickr, including one that's all about sharks.

Some of these go back to the 16th and 17th centuries, back when naturalists used to call sharks see dogs,

which is funny because as we now know, sharks were roaming the oceans for about 300 million years before the first mammals showed up.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節口語課以影片“Why no aquarium has a great white shark”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：shark, aquarium, tank, Monterey, Bay。這段影片共有 27 個句子、989 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 5:49。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 170 個詞，接近日常對話。只有 76% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
aquarium 名詞	/əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/	魚缸 /魚缸
resource 名詞	/ɹɪˈzɔːs/	資源 /資源
oxygen 名詞	/ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/	氧
swim 動詞	/swɪm/	游泳
reef 名詞	/ɹiːf/	礁, 暗礁
gallon 名詞	/ˈɡælən/	加侖 /加侖
carefully 副詞	/ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/	小心地
transition 名詞	/tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/	過渡 /過渡, 轉變 /轉變
sand 名詞	/sænd/	沙, 沙子
custom 名詞	/ˈkʌstəm/	習慣 /習慣, 習俗 /習俗
reveal 動詞	/ɹɪˈviːl/	透露, 顯示 /顯示
flower 名詞	/ˈfloʊɚ/	хуа, хуар
institution 名詞	/ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/	制度
nurse 名詞	/nɝs/	護士 /護士, 看護 /看護
visible 形容詞	/ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/	看得見 /看得見, 可看見的 /可看見的

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
hand over 動詞	交出, 移交
show up 動詞	露面

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	could be said · were born · were needed
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	have tried · have wanted · They've even been

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 14 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 they're, didn't, they've。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: sixth /sɪksθ/, breathe /bɹiːð/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, obstruction /əbˈstɹʌk.ʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: aquarium /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, photographer /fəˈtɑ.ɡɹə.fɚ/, repeatedly /ɹɪˈpiːtɪdli/, elaborate /ɪˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/, intensive /ɪnˈtɛnsɪv/, visitor /ˈvɪzɪtɚ/, captive /ˈkæptɪv/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, reef /ɹiːf/, sand /sænd/, nurse /nɝs/, sixth /sɪksθ/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, carefully /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/, reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, roughly /ˈɹʌf.li/, repeatedly /ɹɪˈpiːtɪdli/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 aquarium, resource, oxygen 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Why no aquarium has a great white shark - 通過影片學習英語口語

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