Pratique du Shadowing: Why no aquarium has a great white shark - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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There are some shark species that seem to do okay in aquariums.
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You'll see a lot of nurse sharks, zebra sharks, some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks, but not the great white.
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For decades, aquariums have tried to contain the world's largest predatory fish.
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Institutions like Marineland, SeaWorld and the Steinhardt Aquarium repeatedly took in white sharks during the 1970s, 80s and 90s, at times drawing huge crowds.
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But they never lasted long.
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Some needed help swimming.
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None of them would eat.
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The longest one lasted was just 16 days.
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A 1984 report by the Steinhardt Aquarium put it this way.
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In most cases, it could be said that all of these captive sharks were merely in the process of dying, with some taking longer than others.
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They had constructed an elaborate transport tank with a harness and IV fluids, but still couldn't keep the sharks alive.
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It wasn't until 2004 that the Monterey Bay Aquarium proved
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that it was possible to keep white sharks for at least six months.
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It took a massive effort, and no one's done it since.
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Our approach was one of sort of a systematic, logical sequence of things leading up to our success, and it started with designing the tank.
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The Monterey Bay Aquarium had a million -gallon egg -shaped tank, 35 feet deep, designed for open -ocean animals like tuna and sharks.
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So you need a big tank.
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You also need a small shark.
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Adult great whites reach 15 feet on average.
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The Monterey Bay Aquarium nabbed one in 2004 that was 4 feet 4 inches, less than a year old.
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That made it easier to move and easier to keep.
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When they're young, they feed on fish.
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And as they get older, they transition to feeding more on mammals.
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And so we were targeting the age bracket where we were more able to feed their natural diet it.
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And once they collected the shark, they didn't take it straight to the aquarium.
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Instead, the Monterey Bay team set up a four million gallon pen right there in the ocean.
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That way they could monitor the shark and see
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if it would feed before they moved it into a transport tank to travel from Southern California, where the sharks were born, up to the aquarium.
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Sharks, like all fish, need to have water continually passing through their gills in order to get oxygen.
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Most species can open and close their mouths to pump water through, but white sharks and a couple dozen other species don't do that.
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To breathe, they have to move forward through the water with their mouths open.
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That's why white sharks start to weaken as soon as they're caught in the net.
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And that's why they needed a custom built transport tank for mobile life support.
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Everything from oxygen sensors and video cameras and lighting and filtration systems
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that were needed for the what turned out to roughly be nine to 11 hour transport time.
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Aquarium attendance jumped 30 % while the shark was on display.
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After six and a half months, they decided to release it because it had killed two other sharks.
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Over the next six years, the aquarium displayed five more baby white sharks.
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Some they paid fishermen to hand over, some they caught themselves.
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Their stays ranged from just 11 days up to five months.
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The Monterey Bay Aquarium had succeeded in doing what no one else could.
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But it did take a toll on the sharks.
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They developed visible sores from bumping into the sides of the tank.
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We actually snuck in with photographers
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and took pictures of the sharks as they were beginning to trit and fail due to constant scraping against the wall, basically.
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As we viewed it, it was a vase of flowers that would be kept for the visitors.
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Historically, aquariums kept sharks that lived near the seabed or near reefs.
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That makes sense it's easier to recreate those habitats in a tank.
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But in recent decades, aquariums have wanted to bring in bigger, more pelagic sharks, those that spend time roaming the open ocean.
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They've even been able to exhibit the largest shark in the world, the whale shark, if they have a big enough tank.
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But pelagic sharks are used to being able to swim long distances without obstructions, changing directions only as they please.
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So the faster moving sharks like the white shark, mako shark, and blue shark, They have trouble with walls when they're put in a tank.
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That's what was happening with the Monterey Bay Aquarium's sixth white shark in 2011.
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They decided to release it after 55 days and its tracking tag revealed that the shark died shortly after being released.
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They're not sure why.
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But since then, they haven't tried to bring in another great white shark.
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It's a very, very, very resource intensive program
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and we felt like we had accomplished our goal of introducing the general public to a live white shark.
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It took a huge, carefully planned system to keep a white shark alive.
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And even then, the sharks didn't quite fit there.
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We can't seem to stop trying though.
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Earlier this year, an 11 and a half foot great white shark was taken to an aquarium in Okinawa,
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Japan, after getting caught in a fisherman's net.
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It was the only adult white shark ever to be put on display.
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And within three days, it was dead.
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I wanted to show you a great resource online called the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
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It's the product of a couple dozen museums and libraries, all agreeing to scan millions of pages from books related to biodiversity.
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They've got a bunch of great albums on Flickr, including one that's all about sharks.
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Some of these go back to the 16th and 17th centuries, back when naturalists used to call sharks see dogs,
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which is funny because as we now know, sharks were roaming the oceans for about 300 million years before the first mammals showed up.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Why no aquarium has a great white shark ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : shark, aquarium, tank, Monterey, Bay. Cette vidéo contient 27 phrases et 989 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:49. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 170 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 76 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| aquarium nom | /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/ | aquarium |
| resource nom | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | ressource |
| oxygen nom | /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/ | oxygène |
| swim verbe | /swɪm/ | nager |
| reef nom | /ɹiːf/ | écueil, récif |
| gallon nom | /ˈɡælən/ | gallon |
| shortly adverbe | /ˈʃɔɹtli/ | rapidement |
| carefully adverbe | /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/ | soigneusement |
| transition nom | /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/ | transition |
| sand nom | /sænd/ | sable |
| custom nom | /ˈkʌstəm/ | coutume |
| reveal verbe | /ɹɪˈviːl/ | révéler |
| flower nom | /ˈfloʊɚ/ | fleur |
| institution nom | /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/ | institution |
| nurse nom | /nɝs/ | infirmière, infirmier |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| hand over verbe | remettre, donner | |
| pass through verbe | traverser | |
| set up verbe | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | mettre en place, installer |
| show up verbe | apparaître, se montrer se pointer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | could be said · were born · were needed |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have tried · have wanted · They've even been |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 14 contractions et formes réduites, comme they're, didn't, they've. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: sixth /sɪksθ/, breathe /bɹiːð/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, obstruction /əbˈstɹʌk.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: aquarium /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, photographer /fəˈtɑ.ɡɹə.fɚ/, repeatedly /ɹɪˈpiːtɪdli/, elaborate /ɪˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/, harness /ˈhɑɹ.nəs/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: oxygen /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, logical /ˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, pelagic /pəˈlæd͡ʒɪk/, naturalist /ˈnæ.tʃə.ɹə.lɪst/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: aquarium /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/, resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, reef /ɹiːf/, shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, carefully /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme aquarium, resource, oxygen.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.