跟读练习: Why no aquarium has a great white shark - 通过视频学习英语口语

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There are some shark species that seem to do okay in aquariums.

You'll see a lot of nurse sharks, zebra sharks, some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks, but not the great white.

For decades, aquariums have tried to contain the world's largest predatory fish.

Institutions like Marineland, SeaWorld and the Steinhardt Aquarium repeatedly took in white sharks during the 1970s, 80s and 90s, at times drawing huge crowds.

But they never lasted long.

Some needed help swimming.

None of them would eat.

The longest one lasted was just 16 days.

A 1984 report by the Steinhardt Aquarium put it this way.

In most cases, it could be said that all of these captive sharks were merely in the process of dying, with some taking longer than others.

They had constructed an elaborate transport tank with a harness and IV fluids, but still couldn't keep the sharks alive.

It wasn't until 2004 that the Monterey Bay Aquarium proved

that it was possible to keep white sharks for at least six months.

It took a massive effort, and no one's done it since.

Our approach was one of sort of a systematic, logical sequence of things leading up to our success, and it started with designing the tank.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium had a million -gallon egg -shaped tank, 35 feet deep, designed for open -ocean animals like tuna and sharks.

So you need a big tank.

You also need a small shark.

Adult great whites reach 15 feet on average.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium nabbed one in 2004 that was 4 feet 4 inches, less than a year old.

That made it easier to move and easier to keep.

When they're young, they feed on fish.

And as they get older, they transition to feeding more on mammals.

And so we were targeting the age bracket where we were more able to feed their natural diet it.

And once they collected the shark, they didn't take it straight to the aquarium.

Instead, the Monterey Bay team set up a four million gallon pen right there in the ocean.

That way they could monitor the shark and see

if it would feed before they moved it into a transport tank to travel from Southern California, where the sharks were born, up to the aquarium.

Sharks, like all fish, need to have water continually passing through their gills in order to get oxygen.

Most species can open and close their mouths to pump water through, but white sharks and a couple dozen other species don't do that.

To breathe, they have to move forward through the water with their mouths open.

That's why white sharks start to weaken as soon as they're caught in the net.

And that's why they needed a custom built transport tank for mobile life support.

Everything from oxygen sensors and video cameras and lighting and filtration systems

that were needed for the what turned out to roughly be nine to 11 hour transport time.

Aquarium attendance jumped 30 % while the shark was on display.

After six and a half months, they decided to release it because it had killed two other sharks.

Over the next six years, the aquarium displayed five more baby white sharks.

Some they paid fishermen to hand over, some they caught themselves.

Their stays ranged from just 11 days up to five months.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium had succeeded in doing what no one else could.

But it did take a toll on the sharks.

They developed visible sores from bumping into the sides of the tank.

We actually snuck in with photographers

and took pictures of the sharks as they were beginning to trit and fail due to constant scraping against the wall, basically.

As we viewed it, it was a vase of flowers that would be kept for the visitors.

Historically, aquariums kept sharks that lived near the seabed or near reefs.

That makes sense it's easier to recreate those habitats in a tank.

But in recent decades, aquariums have wanted to bring in bigger, more pelagic sharks, those that spend time roaming the open ocean.

They've even been able to exhibit the largest shark in the world, the whale shark, if they have a big enough tank.

But pelagic sharks are used to being able to swim long distances without obstructions, changing directions only as they please.

So the faster moving sharks like the white shark, mako shark, and blue shark, They have trouble with walls when they're put in a tank.

That's what was happening with the Monterey Bay Aquarium's sixth white shark in 2011.

They decided to release it after 55 days and its tracking tag revealed that the shark died shortly after being released.

They're not sure why.

But since then, they haven't tried to bring in another great white shark.

It's a very, very, very resource intensive program

and we felt like we had accomplished our goal of introducing the general public to a live white shark.

It took a huge, carefully planned system to keep a white shark alive.

And even then, the sharks didn't quite fit there.

We can't seem to stop trying though.

Earlier this year, an 11 and a half foot great white shark was taken to an aquarium in Okinawa,

Japan, after getting caught in a fisherman's net.

It was the only adult white shark ever to be put on display.

And within three days, it was dead.

I wanted to show you a great resource online called the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

It's the product of a couple dozen museums and libraries, all agreeing to scan millions of pages from books related to biodiversity.

They've got a bunch of great albums on Flickr, including one that's all about sharks.

Some of these go back to the 16th and 17th centuries, back when naturalists used to call sharks see dogs,

which is funny because as we now know, sharks were roaming the oceans for about 300 million years before the first mammals showed up.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“Why no aquarium has a great white shark”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：shark, aquarium, tank, Monterey, Bay。这段视频共有 27 个句子、989 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 5:49。说话人语速自然，每分钟约 170 个词，接近日常对话。只有 76% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
aquarium 名词	/əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/	魚缸 /鱼缸
resource 名词	/ɹɪˈzɔːs/	資源 /资源
oxygen 名词	/ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/	氧
swim 动词	/swɪm/	游泳
reef 名词	/ɹiːf/	礁, 暗礁
gallon 名词	/ˈɡælən/	加侖 /加仑
carefully 副词	/ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/	小心地
transition 名词	/tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/	過渡 /过渡, 轉變 /转变
sand 名词	/sænd/	沙, 沙子
custom 名词	/ˈkʌstəm/	習慣 /习惯, 習俗 /习俗
reveal 动词	/ɹɪˈviːl/	透露, 顯示 /显示
flower 名词	/ˈfloʊɚ/	хуа, хуар
institution 名词	/ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/	制度
nurse 名词	/nɝs/	護士 /护士, 看護 /看护
visible 形容词	/ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/	看得見 /看得见, 可看見的 /可看见的

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	释义
hand over 动词	交出, 移交
show up 动词	露面

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	could be said · were born · were needed
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	have tried · have wanted · They've even been

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 14 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 they're, didn't, they've。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“th” 音: sixth /sɪksθ/, breathe /bɹiːð/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, obstruction /əbˈstɹʌk.ʃən/
长单词——注意重音位置: aquarium /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, photographer /fəˈtɑ.ɡɹə.fɚ/, repeatedly /ɹɪˈpiːtɪdli/, elaborate /ɪˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/, intensive /ɪnˈtɛnsɪv/, visitor /ˈvɪzɪtɚ/, captive /ˈkæptɪv/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, reef /ɹiːf/, sand /sænd/, nurse /nɝs/, sixth /sɪksθ/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, carefully /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/, reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, roughly /ˈɹʌf.li/, repeatedly /ɹɪˈpiːtɪdli/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 aquarium, resource, oxygen 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

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跟读练习: Why no aquarium has a great white shark - 通过视频学习英语口语

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