Prática de Shadowing: Why no aquarium has a great white shark - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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There are some shark species that seem to do okay in aquariums.
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You'll see a lot of nurse sharks, zebra sharks, some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks, but not the great white.
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For decades, aquariums have tried to contain the world's largest predatory fish.
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Institutions like Marineland, SeaWorld and the Steinhardt Aquarium repeatedly took in white sharks during the 1970s, 80s and 90s, at times drawing huge crowds.
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But they never lasted long.
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Some needed help swimming.
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None of them would eat.
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The longest one lasted was just 16 days.
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A 1984 report by the Steinhardt Aquarium put it this way.
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In most cases, it could be said that all of these captive sharks were merely in the process of dying, with some taking longer than others.
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They had constructed an elaborate transport tank with a harness and IV fluids, but still couldn't keep the sharks alive.
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It wasn't until 2004 that the Monterey Bay Aquarium proved
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that it was possible to keep white sharks for at least six months.
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It took a massive effort, and no one's done it since.
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Our approach was one of sort of a systematic, logical sequence of things leading up to our success, and it started with designing the tank.
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The Monterey Bay Aquarium had a million -gallon egg -shaped tank, 35 feet deep, designed for open -ocean animals like tuna and sharks.
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So you need a big tank.
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You also need a small shark.
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Adult great whites reach 15 feet on average.
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The Monterey Bay Aquarium nabbed one in 2004 that was 4 feet 4 inches, less than a year old.
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That made it easier to move and easier to keep.
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When they're young, they feed on fish.
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And as they get older, they transition to feeding more on mammals.
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And so we were targeting the age bracket where we were more able to feed their natural diet it.
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And once they collected the shark, they didn't take it straight to the aquarium.
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Instead, the Monterey Bay team set up a four million gallon pen right there in the ocean.
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That way they could monitor the shark and see
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if it would feed before they moved it into a transport tank to travel from Southern California, where the sharks were born, up to the aquarium.
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Sharks, like all fish, need to have water continually passing through their gills in order to get oxygen.
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Most species can open and close their mouths to pump water through, but white sharks and a couple dozen other species don't do that.
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To breathe, they have to move forward through the water with their mouths open.
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That's why white sharks start to weaken as soon as they're caught in the net.
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And that's why they needed a custom built transport tank for mobile life support.
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Everything from oxygen sensors and video cameras and lighting and filtration systems
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that were needed for the what turned out to roughly be nine to 11 hour transport time.
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Aquarium attendance jumped 30 % while the shark was on display.
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After six and a half months, they decided to release it because it had killed two other sharks.
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Over the next six years, the aquarium displayed five more baby white sharks.
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Some they paid fishermen to hand over, some they caught themselves.
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Their stays ranged from just 11 days up to five months.
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The Monterey Bay Aquarium had succeeded in doing what no one else could.
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But it did take a toll on the sharks.
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They developed visible sores from bumping into the sides of the tank.
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We actually snuck in with photographers
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and took pictures of the sharks as they were beginning to trit and fail due to constant scraping against the wall, basically.
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As we viewed it, it was a vase of flowers that would be kept for the visitors.
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Historically, aquariums kept sharks that lived near the seabed or near reefs.
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That makes sense it's easier to recreate those habitats in a tank.
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But in recent decades, aquariums have wanted to bring in bigger, more pelagic sharks, those that spend time roaming the open ocean.
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They've even been able to exhibit the largest shark in the world, the whale shark, if they have a big enough tank.
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But pelagic sharks are used to being able to swim long distances without obstructions, changing directions only as they please.
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So the faster moving sharks like the white shark, mako shark, and blue shark, They have trouble with walls when they're put in a tank.
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That's what was happening with the Monterey Bay Aquarium's sixth white shark in 2011.
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They decided to release it after 55 days and its tracking tag revealed that the shark died shortly after being released.
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They're not sure why.
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But since then, they haven't tried to bring in another great white shark.
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It's a very, very, very resource intensive program
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and we felt like we had accomplished our goal of introducing the general public to a live white shark.
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It took a huge, carefully planned system to keep a white shark alive.
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And even then, the sharks didn't quite fit there.
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We can't seem to stop trying though.
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Earlier this year, an 11 and a half foot great white shark was taken to an aquarium in Okinawa,
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Japan, after getting caught in a fisherman's net.
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It was the only adult white shark ever to be put on display.
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And within three days, it was dead.
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I wanted to show you a great resource online called the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
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It's the product of a couple dozen museums and libraries, all agreeing to scan millions of pages from books related to biodiversity.
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They've got a bunch of great albums on Flickr, including one that's all about sharks.
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Some of these go back to the 16th and 17th centuries, back when naturalists used to call sharks see dogs,
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which is funny because as we now know, sharks were roaming the oceans for about 300 million years before the first mammals showed up.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Why no aquarium has a great white shark”. As palavras que mais se repetem: shark, aquarium, tank, Monterey, Bay. Este vídeo tem 27 frases e 989 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:49. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 170 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 76% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| aquarium substantivo | /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/ | aquário |
| resource substantivo | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | recurso, expediente |
| oxygen substantivo | /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/ | oxigênio, oxigénio |
| swim verbo | /swɪm/ | nadar |
| reef substantivo | /ɹiːf/ | recife, arrecife |
| gallon substantivo | /ˈɡælən/ | galão |
| shortly advérbio | /ˈʃɔɹtli/ | rapidamente |
| carefully advérbio | /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/ | cuidadosamente, cautelosamente |
| transition substantivo | /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/ | transição |
| sand substantivo | /sænd/ | areia |
| custom substantivo | /ˈkʌstəm/ | costume, hábito |
| reveal verbo | /ɹɪˈviːl/ | revelar |
| flower substantivo | /ˈfloʊɚ/ | flor |
| institution substantivo | /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/ | instituição |
| nurse substantivo | /nɝs/ | enfermeira, enfermeiro |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| hand over verbo | entregar, transferir | |
| move forward verbo | adiantar | |
| set up verbo | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | preparar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | could be said · were born · were needed |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have tried · have wanted · They've even been |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 14 contrações e formas reduzidas, como they're, didn't, they've. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: sixth /sɪksθ/, breathe /bɹiːð/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: shortly /ˈʃɔɹtli/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, obstruction /əbˈstɹʌk.ʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: aquarium /əˈkwɛɹ.i.jəm/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, photographer /fəˈtɑ.ɡɹə.fɚ/, repeatedly /ɹɪˈpiːtɪdli/, elaborate /ɪˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: sand /sænd/, collect /ˈkɑlɪkt/, succeed /səkˈsiːd/, pump /pʌmp/, fluid /ˈflu.ɪd/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/, logical /ˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, whale /ˈweɪl/, gill /ɡɪl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/, harness /ˈhɑɹ.nəs/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como aquarium, resource, oxygen.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.