Shadowing Practice: The friendship recession | Richard Reeves - Learn English Speaking with Video
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There are some studies that suggest, for example, that being without a close friend, being lonely, is as bad for your health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day.
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It's quite hard to measure friendships.
Es bastante difícil medir la amistad.
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What's the quality of that friendship?
¿Qué calidad tiene esa amistad?
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What's the quantity?
¿Cuál es la cantidad?
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When people say they have a certain number of friends, what does that mean?
Cuando la gente dice que tiene un cierto número de amigos, ¿qué significa eso?
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Does it mean how many friends they have on Facebook?
¿Significa cuántos amigos tienen en Facebook?
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It is difficult to get at this quantitatively, and also people I think are a bit reluctant to admit sometimes to not having friends.
Es difícil cuantificar esto, y además creo que la gente a veces se resiste un poco a admitir que no tiene amigos.
8
Loneliness is in some ways quite a stigmatized condition.
La soledad es, en cierto modo, una condición bastante estigmatizada.
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And so actually getting people to admit to loneliness is something that social scientists really struggle with.
Por eso, conseguir que la gente admita que se siente sola es algo con lo que los científicos sociales tienen muchas dificultades.
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I think a big question now is whether we're facing a friendship recession.
Creo que una pregunta importante ahora es si nos enfrentamos a una recesión de la amistad.
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That's a term that Daniel Cox, a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, has used to describe this rise in the number of people who lack a certain number of close friends,
Ese es un término que Daniel Cox, un investigador del American Enterprise Institute, ha utilizado para describir este aumento en el número de personas que carecen de un cierto número de amigos cercanos.
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who have fewer people to turn to in times of crisis.
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You need a shoulder to cry on, or at least someone to have a conversation with.
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That's less and less likely to be a friend now.
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As society changes in all kinds of ways, technologically, economically, But I think it's important we pay attention to what is very often an underappreciated human relationship,
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which is the friendship.
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Friendships come in all shapes and sizes and are also formed in very different ways and in very different places.
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One way we form friends is just by being at the same school as somebody, by growing up in the same place.
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Another way is through the situations you find yourself in, through work.
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There are also friends that you form through activities that are chosen, so through a voluntary activity or a sport, athletics.
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The fourth is online friendships.
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Those are friendships that are formed through a screen or over the internet in one kind or another, without necessarily ever physically meeting that person.
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Across human history, there's always been a tribal size, I think, to friendship groups, which is somewhere in the teens,
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say between 12 and 15 perhaps is a reasonable number to think about.
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And then there are close friends.
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Some people, of course, have no close friends
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but most people have at least a close friend
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and most people would say that the ideal number of close friends to have is somewhere around the three or four number.
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Friendship was something that the the ancient philosophers used to take very seriously
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if you go back to Aristotle for example in some ways seen as the ideal relationship
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and one of the reasons why friendship is I think so important and so idealized is because it's a relationship of
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genuine and radical equality, and one in which you're not in the friendship in order to get something out of it for yourself.
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There's no sense of dependency, there's no sense of exchange, it's not a transactional relationship in any way.
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And in most other occasions, relationships do contain some kind of transaction, some kind of what's in this for me.
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But the definition of a friendship is a relationship where there is nothing in it for you.
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other than the relationship.
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Bye.
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We've seen a decline in lots of traditional institutions, including the family, people marrying later if they do marry, obviously in areas like religion,
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in some cases the labour market.
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And so what that means is there's more of a need for people to have social relationships, connections outside of those institutions.
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That's where friends are hugely important.
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But during the same period, we've seen a real decline in the number of people who say that they have a number of close friends.
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particularly in 21st century US.
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Number one is geographical mobility, people moving away from their homes, moving to big cities or career opportunities, which necessarily stretches their friendship network.
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Parents are spending quite a bit more time on parenting, on looking after their kids, which squeezes out the time that they might have had for friendships before.
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There's also a lot of emphasis on work and careers, what some scholars call workism, which is a sense that your identity is
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so wrapped up in your work that you don't have as much energy and time left over for friends.
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And then lastly, I'd point to the breakdown of relationships.
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As marriages break up or couples separate, that can be really fracturing of friendship groups that have been formed as a couple.
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Once they break up, the friendship groups very often get shattered as well.
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There are a few downsides to being without friends.
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One is lack of access to opportunities.
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It turns out that many people get a lot of jobs
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and opportunities and chances to go and do things through their friends.
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So friends do act as a communications information channel.
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But there are some quite profound effects on health too, mental health and even physical health.
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It's not exactly clear what the causal relationships are, what's going on.
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But it is clear that having friends is protective of your health in various ways.
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And so it's not just that being without friends can make you isolated in a sort of economic or a social sense, but it can also make you sad.
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And being sad, it turns out, is also bad in terms of your physical as well as emotional health.
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Today, 15 % of young men say that they don't have a close friend.
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That was just 3 % back in the 1990s.
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And so we're seeing a five -fold increase in the number of men who have no close friends.
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Back in 1990, Almost half of young men, 45%, said that if they had to turn to someone in a time of trouble, it would be to a close friend.
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But now that's dropped to about 22%.
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And in fact, there are more men, about 36%, who say that they would go to their parents.
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So that's quite a radical transformation in the social networks that we've seen, particularly of young men.
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The pandemic has been a sort of stress test for our friendship networks.
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Interestingly, there we see
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that it's women who've been most affected with more than half
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of women saying they'd lost touch with at least some of their friends.
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you I think that's because female friendships are more based on physical relationships, on face -to -face time,
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whereas male friendships tend to be more mediated perhaps through activities or technology.
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We don't know for sure.
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But that gender gap is suggestive of the fact
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that women's friendships are more in need of more regular physical contact than male friendships are, which is maybe why women's friendships have borne the brunt.
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of the impact of COVID on those friendship networks.
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There's obviously a dystopian version of how these trends could continue, which is a world of essentially atomized individuals without friends,
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isolated, sad, lonely, perhaps in ill health.
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I think that's why we have to pay real attention to these trends
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and to recognize that friendship is incredibly important for human flourishing.
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And that people want to make friends.
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We're wired to want to be social creatures and to be friends.
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but that might be harder for us to do so in certain circumstances.
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Circumstances where we're under too much pressure, where we're too segregated, where the opportunities to cultivate friendship are not there.
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A key lesson that we learn is that friendships don't form themselves.
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Friendship is not a flower that just blooms all on its own.
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It's more like a woodworking project that you have to carve out and continue to work on.
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One of the necessary steps to making a friend is to admitting that you want to make a friend.
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to being open to that.
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That requires a certain vulnerability It requires you in some ways to reveal a need, a desire, And I think as we get older,
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there's sometimes a sense of shame that comes along with not having enough friends.
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And actually saying I need a friend is maybe one of the hardest sentences any human being can utter.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación de nivel C1 se basa en el vídeo “The friendship recession”. Este vídeo tiene 95 frases y 1387 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 8:01. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 173 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 86 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| thinker sustantivo | /ˈθɪŋ.kɚ/ | pensador, pensadora |
| isolate verbo | /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/ | aislar |
| loneliness sustantivo | /ˈloʊnlinəs/ | soledad |
| circumstance sustantivo | /ˈsɝ.kəmˌstæns/ | circunstancia, tesitura |
| scholar sustantivo | /ˈskɑlɚ/ | escolar |
| atomize verbo | /ˈætəmaɪz/ | atomizar |
| causal adjetivo | /ˈkɔːzəl/ | causal |
| cultivate verbo | /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ | cultivar |
| dystopian adjetivo | /dɪsˈtoʊ.pi.ən/ | distópico |
| idealize verbo | /aɪˈdɪəlaɪz/ | idealizar |
| mediate verbo | /ˈmidieɪt/ | mediar |
| segregate verbo | /ˈsɛɡɹəˌɡeɪt/ | segregar |
| shatter verbo | /ˈʃætɚ/ | astillar, reventar |
| stigmatize verbo | /ˈstɪɡmətaɪz/ | estigmatizar, sambenitar |
| suggestive adjetivo | /sə(ɡ)ˈd͡ʒɛs.tɪv/ | sugestivo, sugerente |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| break up verbo | separar, cisionar |
| turn out verbo | resultar |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | there's always been · We've seen · have been formed |
| Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa | people who lack · groups, which is · people who say |
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | are also formed · are chosen · are formed |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 16 contracciones y formas reducidas, como we're, don't, we've. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: shatter /ˈʃætɚ/, transactional /trænˈzækʃ(ə)nəl/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: dystopian /dɪsˈtoʊ.pi.ən/, transactional /trænˈzækʃ(ə)nəl/, dependency /dɪˈpɛndənsi/, vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- s + consonante al inicio — sin añadir una “e” delante: scholar /ˈskɑlɚ/, stigmatize /ˈstɪɡmətaɪz/, squeeze /skwiːz/
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/, suggestive /sə(ɡ)ˈd͡ʒɛs.tɪv/, vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/, voluntary /ˈvɑ.lənˌt(ɛ)ɹi/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: atomize /ˈætəmaɪz/, causal /ˈkɔːzəl/, idealize /aɪˈdɪəlaɪz/, stigmatize /ˈstɪɡmətaɪz/, transactional /trænˈzækʃ(ə)nəl/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como thinker, isolate, loneliness.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.