Pratique du Shadowing: Neuroscientist Answers Emotion Questions | Tech Support | WIRED - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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231 phrases
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I'm neuroscientist and psychologist Richard Davidson.
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Let's answer your questions from the internet.
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This is Emotions Support.
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At Polaro asks, stress will shrink your brain?
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Really?
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Yes, really.
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The data here are quite clear.
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Stress does have effects on the brain and it can shrink the brain
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and it shrinks the area that grows new brain cells, the hippocampus.
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Wendy Stella 06 asks, are women really more sensitive and emotional than men in general?
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If you take thousands of men and thousands of women and you compare them, you will find these slight differences where women may be more sensitive to emotional cues than men.
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In certain contexts, they may be more expressive of emotion than men.
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But the variation within gender far exceeds the variation between gender.
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And so in my view, focusing on these gender differences is really a little bit misplaced.
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At Riri Yiri, why do we even have feelings?
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Feelings and emotions are found throughout evolutionary history.
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They're not just found in humans.
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In the case of an animal who may be confronted by a predator, the experience of fear will motivate the animal to run or to fight.
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we have feelings to navigate important life decisions.
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They are really critical in enabling us to make important decisions.
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For example, should we be with a significant other?
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Should we take one job versus another job?
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Those are not decisions that we make based on a simple, cold, cognitive calculus.
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We use our emotions, our feelings to decide.
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At Alpaca Aurelius, holy crap,
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Botox impairs your ability to process other people's emotions because it prevents your face from mirroring someone's reaction.
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Botox is truly soul-sucking.
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Botox does effectively paralyze your facial muscles.
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And one of the things
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that we've learned over the last 20 years in research on emotion is
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that not only does the brain control the face to produce emotional expressions,
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but emotional expressions feed back information to the brain to help the brain modulate its activity.
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When we are interacting with another person, we often engage in contagious emotional expressions.
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So we are simulating the emotions that another person may experience.
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This is part of empathy.
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And if we can't do that because of Botox, we are literally deprived of a major mechanism through
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which we can make inferences about both our own emotion as well as another person's emotion.
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At Adam Fair in 1996 says, chemical imbalance is a myth, but is it really?
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Studies done have shown that a serotonin imbalance may not be the real cause of depression, but that's just one chemical.
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The body is made up of chemicals.
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So unless you've researched them all, you can't make that initial statement.
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It is true that serotonin is just one chemical.
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And even though drugs to treat depression primarily act on serotonin, it doesn't mean that serotonin is the cause,
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nor does it mean that it's the most important chemical involved in depression.
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In fact, it's likely that the serotonin just triggers a whole chemical cascade unleashed by taking this drug.
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And so the cause of the depression and the cause of the improvement in depression goes way beyond serotonin.
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We are still discovering many new chemicals in the brain and the body.
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We are living in this chemical soup that is highly complex.
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The idea that there is going to be a single molecule associated with a specific disease
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or a specific emotion is absolutely a myth.
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Andrea Labuti MD asks, Are autistic individuals hypersensitive to emotions?
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It depends because autism is not a homogeneous category.
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It's quite heterogeneous.
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There are different subtypes of autism.
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And there are some subgroups of autism that are hypersensitive in general.
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This would include being hypersensitive to emotion.
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One of the things that we see in a subgroup of autistic individuals is that they show gaze aversion.
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They don't look directly at a person's face because they're
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so sensitive to emotion and it's so arousing for them to watch another person's face that they have to actually turn away.
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And this gaze aversion starts very early in life.
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It's one of the first symptoms of autism that expresses itself.
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At NoKizzyKathleen, you ever get that sad feeling in your tummy, like you're okay, but your tummy is like, no, you're really not?
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There are 200 million neurons in the gut.
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Stuff that goes on in the brain is communicated to the tummy, and stuff that goes on in the tummy is fed back to the brain.
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So our gut feelings are real, and there's information that occurs there that's gonna be modulating activity in the brain,
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and this is all part of the mandala of emotion.
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It's important that we consider emotions to be embodied and to involve all of these different bodily systems.
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Had Ariasaurus says, I need my brain chemistry literally altered.
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Like, is there drugs that can be ingested so that our brain physically can't process emotions?
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We know
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that there are medications available to change the brain these medications
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are used to treat people with various kinds of emotional disorders like depression and anxiety.
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So there are these drugs which do affect brain chemistry and they are sometimes really important to use if they're used judiciously.
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However, in my view, we are medicating people too readily in our society.
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We have too low a threshold for administering these medications.
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They often have lots of side effects.
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And we know that there are ways to change the brain that don't require medication.
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We can actually change our brains by intentionally cultivating our minds.
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Meditation is one such way, but there are others.
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For example, we know from hard-nosed scientific research that cognitive therapy can change the brain.
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Cognitive therapy is an empirically well-validated strategy to treat depression and anxiety,
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and it involves teaching people to think differently about their thoughts.
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We should at least try these non-invasive methods first before we try the more invasive methods of medication.
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Atkirtjgray asks, does the internet make us more empathic and emotionally intelligent or less?
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I would say that the preponderance of the evidence suggests that the internet makes us less emotionally empathic,
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particularly for members of the outgroup because one of the things
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that we find in the internet is that we're fed information that is consistent with our ideology and with our beliefs.
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And this is leading us to become more polarized.
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And this may make us empathic for our in-group, but it's certainly not making us more empathic for members of our out-group.
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When we interact with people virtually and are deprived of the immediate feedback of their physical presence,
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their facial expression, we often will be less inhibited, less constrained because we don't have that feedback.
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So I think there is some danger in becoming overly expressive in perhaps inappropriate ways interacting with people online.
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At Emily Aku asks, is cringe an emotion?
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Cringe is an expression, a facial expression.
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It may be a vocal expression, and it probably has several different emotions that are melded together.
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It may be a little bit of disgust, a little bit of contempt, a little bit of anger, a little bit of sadness.
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It could be a conglomeration of these negative emotions.
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It's a complex emotion.
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We can think of it in that way.
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But the actual cringe itself is an expression displayed in response to someone,
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for example, making a terrible and inappropriate joke in the wrong setting.
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At Paul Ekman, who's a very famous emotion scientist, a very dear friend of mine and a collaborator, asks how many emotions are there?
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We have here a scheme developed by another well-known scientist of emotion, Robert Pluchik.
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And Pluchik argues that there are a number of primary emotions, such as joy, trust, fear,
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surprise, and their opposites that are sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation.
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We have this circumplex, and the outer ring are emotions that are less arousing.
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And as we get closer and closer to the center, the emotions are more arousing.
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We begin with serenity, maybe thought of as a low arousal positive emotion, then joy, and then ecstasy.
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Ecstasy would be a higher arousal, positive emotion.
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And similarly, we can go from apprehension in this case to fear to terror.
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According to this scheme, there are emotions that are opposite to one another.
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For example, joy and sadness are opposite to one another.
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According to other scientists, however, emotions may be less dichotomous in that way, less binary.
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As someone who has spent quite a bit of time with the Dalai Lama in research that we've done, the Dalai Lama, I know,
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has expressed serenity along with sadness simultaneously.
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And so the idea that these are always opposite in this way, I think, is a little too simplistic.
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These are all Western conceptions of emotion.
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In non-Western cultures, the framework for emotion is likely to be quite different.
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And so it's important that we not consider this a final say on how emotions should be parsed.
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In some non-Western cultures, a major division is made between emotions that are wholesome, that are conducive to our well-being, and emotions that are unwholesome.
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So, for example, anger is an emotion that would be considered an unwholesome emotion in these other frameworks.
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Curious Earn Curiouser asks, why is smiling contagious?
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Smiling is contagious, and it really invites the question about emotions being contagious more generally.
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Research has been done starting in neonates just after they're born when they're in the nursing unit in a hospital.
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When one baby begins to cry, the other babies start to cry too.
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That is a form of emotional contagion.
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It begins that early, really when we're first born.
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And so we are wired to respond to the emotions of others.
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This is a very helpful insight because there are times
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when we may want to change the mood in a meeting or in a room by laughing,
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for example, or smiling we can have it spread to the other members of this group.
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At iWigdahl, how does meditation rewire the brain?
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When we cultivate wholesome habits of mind through meditation, it turns out that our brains literally change.
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Meditation changes two major systems in the brain.
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It changes our capacity to pay attention.
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The prefrontal cortex is majorly involved because this is the area of self-regulation.
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And this area is strengthened by meditation.
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The second change that occurs in the brain with meditation is focused on emotion.
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And meditation improves our ability to regulate our emotions,
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particularly in changing the connectivity among different networks in the brain.
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Most of the time, our self-related thinking, our beliefs about ourselves, really hijack our perception of reality.
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And what meditation does is it alters that.
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It shifts our connectivity so that we can see that our thoughts about ourselves, our beliefs, our expectations are there,
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but we can appreciate them for what they are.
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So this is how meditation affects the wiring in our brain.
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At Elon Konami asks, I need to get smarter.
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Anyone have any hacks for IQ or any activities they can do to increase neuroplasticity?
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The single best way that's non-pharmacological and safe is something that may be surprising to viewers, and that is aerobic exercise.
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Neuroplasticity is a word we use to refer to the fact
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that the brain can change in response to experience or to training, and it includes many different mechanisms, forming new connections, decreasing connections,
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kind of sculpting the brain.
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There are also new neurons that actually can grow, a process that we call neurogenesis.
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The real question is, how can we combine an increase in neuroplasticity with training the mind to improve our emotions?
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And there, I think, a combination of physical exercise and meditation is perhaps an ideal combination.
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Let me introduce something that I think is really totally new, the possibility of contemplative aerobics.
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Please try it.
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At the girl Z asks, where are my emotions?
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Why can't I feel anything?
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I want to feel.
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People sometimes report that they don't feel their emotions and that can be due to many different reasons.
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They may be having emotions that they're not experiencing consciously.
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It also may be that they're simply not having those emotions.
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The former we refer to as alexithymia,
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where a person is having difficulty labeling or naming or becoming aware of emotions that they have.
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The latter case is more like psychopathy.
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There are big differences among people in the extent to which they feel their emotions.
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We talked about the fact that when we have emotions, we don't always consciously feel them.
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One thing that you can try is to simply sit quietly.
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When you have an emotion, bring your awareness into your body.
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And you can scan your body, starting at the head
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and going down through all the different parts of your body
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going into the face into your neck into your shoulders into your torso and simply
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bring awareness to these different parts of the body on a regular basis
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and see if that can help to connect you to the emotions
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that you feel at reformer allusium asks a series of questions what What is emotional maturity?
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How can it be measured?
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Is emotional maturity connected to age?
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What age can we be emotionally matured?
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How is it objective and what makes it beyond a mere opinion?
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Emotional maturity is probably most akin to showing high levels of emotional intelligence
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and emotional intelligence includes the capacity to effectively regulate our emotions and also the capacity to be aware of our own emotions,
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to be self-aware.
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There are simple forms of meditation that we know can improve a person's emotional maturity or their emotional intelligence.
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There are ways to measure this,
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including really hard-nosed ways in the brain that involve looking at the interaction between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala,
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as well as behaviorally to see how this is expressed in the real world in our everyday behavior.
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At Gmonster7000 asks, wait, what goes on in our brains when we laugh?
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Are our neurons laughing too?
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Laughing might serve as a kind of emotional reset.
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It's a big change that can occur and in a very quick way reset our neural circuits.
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There are some cool insights that we've gleaned about laughter from the study of neuroscience
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and in particular from the study of patients who've had damage to one part of their brain or another.
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It turns out that people who've had damage to their right hemisphere, where their left hemisphere is preserved, are more likely to laugh.
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So the area of the brain that is preserved is the one that's laughing.
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And so when the right side is damaged, it may disinhibit the left side of the brain so it becomes more active.
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That's been called in the scientific literature, pathological laughter.
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They laugh at things that most of us would probably not laugh at.
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And this has given us some insight that the left hemisphere of the brain, particularly the left frontal region of the brain,
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may be associated with certain kinds of positive emotion that laughter is associated with.
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At XYS Hearts wants to know, why am I so mad?
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Madness or anger is typically triggered by something outside of us, a systemic injustice, our goals being thwarted.
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That is perceived in the brain.
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If we are really mad and we're trying to regulate that madness, the prefrontal cortex, which is here,
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is definitely gonna be involved.
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It is involved in self-regulation, including the regulation of emotion.
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It is larger in humans than it is in any other species.
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And this is likely associated with the fact
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that humans can self-regulate in ways that are far more sophisticated than in any other species.
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But there's one downside to that.
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In addition to the capacity to self-regulate, the prefrontal cortex also confers the possibility of dysregulation.
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Psychiatric problems are far more prevalent in humans than they are in any other species.
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And that is because of the prefrontal cortex.
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Atkar Sopples asks, I always wonder what love actually is.
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Is love a gesture?
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Is it a feeling?
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Is it an emotion?
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Is it a combination of all three?
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Many years ago, when I first met the Dalai Lama in 1992,
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I made a commitment to him that I would put compassion on the scientific map as best I could.
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And I think over the last 20 years, the field has really been quite successful in that.
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I would now like to do the same thing for love.
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There is very little serious research on love.
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We do know that love includes areas of the brain that we typically think of as being involved in emotion.
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Clearly, love involves going beyond oneself, a dissolution, at least in part, of self-other boundaries.
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Exactly how this occurs in a scientific or biological framework is very difficult to specify at this point in time.
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It's going to involve changes in connectivity between the default mode of the brain and other circuits,
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particularly circuits involved in positive emotion.
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So those are all the questions for today.
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Really great questions.
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Thank you so much.
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And thank you for watching Emotion Support.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Neuroscientist Answers Emotion Questions ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : emotion, brain, emotional, asks. Cette vidéo contient 231 phrases et 2890 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 20:00. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 144 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 80 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| serotonin nom | /ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/ | sérotonine |
| prefrontal adjectif | /pɹiːˈfɹʌn.təl/ | préfrontal |
| cortex nom | /ˈkɔɹtɛks/ | cortex |
| regulate verbe | /ˈɹɛɡ.jə.leɪt/ | régler |
| empathic adjectif | /ɛmˈpæθɪk/ | empathique |
| tummy nom | /ˈtʌ.mi/ | bidon |
| contagious adjectif | /kənˈteɪ.d͡ʒəs/ | contagieux |
| maturity nom | /məˈtjʊəɹɪti/ | maturité |
| sadness nom | /ˈsædnəs/ | tristesse |
| autism nom | /ˈɔːtɪzəm/ | autisme |
| arouse verbe | /əˈɹaʊz/ | émoustiller, exciter |
| hypersensitive adjectif | hypersensible | |
| neuron nom | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | neurone, cellule nerveuse |
| neuroplasticity nom | neuroplasticité | |
| connectivity nom | connexité, connectivité |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer |
| go down verbe | descendre |
| think over verbe | réfléchir |
| turn away verbe | se détourner |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- For example, should we be with a significant other?
- Should we take one job versus another job?
- Why can't I feel anything?
- What age can we be emotionally matured?
- Are our neurons laughing too?
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | we've learned · have shown · you've researched |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are found · may be confronted · are literally deprived |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | someone who has · cortex, which is |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 31 contractions et formes réduites, comme they're, don't, can't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: empathic /ɛmˈpæθɪk/, myth /mɪθ/, alexithymia /əˌlɛk.sɪˈθaɪ.mi.ə/, empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, threshold /ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: meditation /mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/, emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/, aversion /əˈvɜːʒən/, variation /ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/, apprehension /æp.ɹiˈhɛn.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: serotonin /ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/, maturity /məˈtjʊəɹɪti/, emotionally /ɪˈməʊʃənəli/, serenity /səˈɹɛnɪti/, inappropriate /ˌɪnəˈpɹoʊpɹi.ət/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hemisphere /ˈhɛmɪsfɪə/, unwholesome /ˌənˈhoʊlsəm/, wholesome /ˈhoʊl.səm/, apprehension /æp.ɹiˈhɛn.ʃən/, threshold /ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: contagious /kənˈteɪ.d͡ʒəs/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, injustice /ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/, gesture /ˈd͡ʒɛs.t͡ʃɚ/, ideology /aɪ.diˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: serotonin /ˌsɛɹəˈtoʊnɪn/, prefrontal /pɹiːˈfɹʌn.təl/, cortex /ˈkɔɹtɛks/, regulate /ˈɹɛɡ.jə.leɪt/, maturity /məˈtjʊəɹɪti/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme serotonin, prefrontal, cortex.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.