ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Neuroscientist Answers Emotion Questions | Tech Support | WIRED
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I'm neuroscientist and psychologist Richard Davidson.
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Let's answer your questions from the internet.
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This is Emotions Support.
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At Polaro asks, stress will shrink your brain?
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Really?
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Yes, really.
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The data here are quite clear.
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Stress does have effects on the brain and it can shrink the brain
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and it shrinks the area that grows new brain cells, the hippocampus.
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Wendy Stella 06 asks, are women really more sensitive and emotional than men in general?
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If you take thousands of men and thousands of women and you compare them, you will find these slight differences where women may be more sensitive to emotional cues than men.
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In certain contexts, they may be more expressive of emotion than men.
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But the variation within gender far exceeds the variation between gender.
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And so in my view, focusing on these gender differences is really a little bit misplaced.
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At Riri Yiri, why do we even have feelings?
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Feelings and emotions are found throughout evolutionary history.
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They're not just found in humans.
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In the case of an animal who may be confronted by a predator, the experience of fear will motivate the animal to run or to fight.
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we have feelings to navigate important life decisions.
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They are really critical in enabling us to make important decisions.
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For example, should we be with a significant other?
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Should we take one job versus another job?
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Those are not decisions that we make based on a simple, cold, cognitive calculus.
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We use our emotions, our feelings to decide.
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At Alpaca Aurelius, holy crap,
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Botox impairs your ability to process other people's emotions because it prevents your face from mirroring someone's reaction.
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Botox is truly soul-sucking.
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Botox does effectively paralyze your facial muscles.
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And one of the things
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that we've learned over the last 20 years in research on emotion is
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that not only does the brain control the face to produce emotional expressions,
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but emotional expressions feed back information to the brain to help the brain modulate its activity.
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When we are interacting with another person, we often engage in contagious emotional expressions.
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So we are simulating the emotions that another person may experience.
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This is part of empathy.
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And if we can't do that because of Botox, we are literally deprived of a major mechanism through
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which we can make inferences about both our own emotion as well as another person's emotion.
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At Adam Fair in 1996 says, chemical imbalance is a myth, but is it really?
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Studies done have shown that a serotonin imbalance may not be the real cause of depression, but that's just one chemical.
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The body is made up of chemicals.
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So unless you've researched them all, you can't make that initial statement.
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It is true that serotonin is just one chemical.
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And even though drugs to treat depression primarily act on serotonin, it doesn't mean that serotonin is the cause,
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nor does it mean that it's the most important chemical involved in depression.
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In fact, it's likely that the serotonin just triggers a whole chemical cascade unleashed by taking this drug.
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And so the cause of the depression and the cause of the improvement in depression goes way beyond serotonin.
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We are still discovering many new chemicals in the brain and the body.
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We are living in this chemical soup that is highly complex.
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The idea that there is going to be a single molecule associated with a specific disease
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or a specific emotion is absolutely a myth.
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Andrea Labuti MD asks, Are autistic individuals hypersensitive to emotions?
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It depends because autism is not a homogeneous category.
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It's quite heterogeneous.
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There are different subtypes of autism.
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And there are some subgroups of autism that are hypersensitive in general.
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This would include being hypersensitive to emotion.
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One of the things that we see in a subgroup of autistic individuals is that they show gaze aversion.
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They don't look directly at a person's face because they're
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so sensitive to emotion and it's so arousing for them to watch another person's face that they have to actually turn away.
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And this gaze aversion starts very early in life.
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It's one of the first symptoms of autism that expresses itself.
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At NoKizzyKathleen, you ever get that sad feeling in your tummy, like you're okay, but your tummy is like, no, you're really not?
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There are 200 million neurons in the gut.
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Stuff that goes on in the brain is communicated to the tummy, and stuff that goes on in the tummy is fed back to the brain.
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So our gut feelings are real, and there's information that occurs there that's gonna be modulating activity in the brain,
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and this is all part of the mandala of emotion.
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It's important that we consider emotions to be embodied and to involve all of these different bodily systems.
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Had Ariasaurus says, I need my brain chemistry literally altered.
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Like, is there drugs that can be ingested so that our brain physically can't process emotions?
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We know
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that there are medications available to change the brain these medications
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are used to treat people with various kinds of emotional disorders like depression and anxiety.
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So there are these drugs which do affect brain chemistry and they are sometimes really important to use if they're used judiciously.
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However, in my view, we are medicating people too readily in our society.
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We have too low a threshold for administering these medications.
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They often have lots of side effects.
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And we know that there are ways to change the brain that don't require medication.
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We can actually change our brains by intentionally cultivating our minds.
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Meditation is one such way, but there are others.
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For example, we know from hard-nosed scientific research that cognitive therapy can change the brain.
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Cognitive therapy is an empirically well-validated strategy to treat depression and anxiety,
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and it involves teaching people to think differently about their thoughts.
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We should at least try these non-invasive methods first before we try the more invasive methods of medication.
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Atkirtjgray asks, does the internet make us more empathic and emotionally intelligent or less?
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I would say that the preponderance of the evidence suggests that the internet makes us less emotionally empathic,
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particularly for members of the outgroup because one of the things
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that we find in the internet is that we're fed information that is consistent with our ideology and with our beliefs.
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And this is leading us to become more polarized.
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And this may make us empathic for our in-group, but it's certainly not making us more empathic for members of our out-group.
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When we interact with people virtually and are deprived of the immediate feedback of their physical presence,
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their facial expression, we often will be less inhibited, less constrained because we don't have that feedback.
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So I think there is some danger in becoming overly expressive in perhaps inappropriate ways interacting with people online.
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At Emily Aku asks, is cringe an emotion?
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Cringe is an expression, a facial expression.
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It may be a vocal expression, and it probably has several different emotions that are melded together.
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It may be a little bit of disgust, a little bit of contempt, a little bit of anger, a little bit of sadness.
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It could be a conglomeration of these negative emotions.
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It's a complex emotion.
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We can think of it in that way.
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But the actual cringe itself is an expression displayed in response to someone,
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for example, making a terrible and inappropriate joke in the wrong setting.
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At Paul Ekman, who's a very famous emotion scientist, a very dear friend of mine and a collaborator, asks how many emotions are there?
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We have here a scheme developed by another well-known scientist of emotion, Robert Pluchik.
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And Pluchik argues that there are a number of primary emotions, such as joy, trust, fear,
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surprise, and their opposites that are sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation.
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We have this circumplex, and the outer ring are emotions that are less arousing.
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And as we get closer and closer to the center, the emotions are more arousing.
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We begin with serenity, maybe thought of as a low arousal positive emotion, then joy, and then ecstasy.
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Ecstasy would be a higher arousal, positive emotion.
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And similarly, we can go from apprehension in this case to fear to terror.
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According to this scheme, there are emotions that are opposite to one another.
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For example, joy and sadness are opposite to one another.
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According to other scientists, however, emotions may be less dichotomous in that way, less binary.
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As someone who has spent quite a bit of time with the Dalai Lama in research that we've done, the Dalai Lama, I know,
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has expressed serenity along with sadness simultaneously.
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And so the idea that these are always opposite in this way, I think, is a little too simplistic.
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These are all Western conceptions of emotion.
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In non-Western cultures, the framework for emotion is likely to be quite different.
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And so it's important that we not consider this a final say on how emotions should be parsed.
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In some non-Western cultures, a major division is made between emotions that are wholesome, that are conducive to our well-being, and emotions that are unwholesome.
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So, for example, anger is an emotion that would be considered an unwholesome emotion in these other frameworks.
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Curious Earn Curiouser asks, why is smiling contagious?
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Smiling is contagious, and it really invites the question about emotions being contagious more generally.
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Research has been done starting in neonates just after they're born when they're in the nursing unit in a hospital.
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When one baby begins to cry, the other babies start to cry too.
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That is a form of emotional contagion.
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It begins that early, really when we're first born.
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And so we are wired to respond to the emotions of others.
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This is a very helpful insight because there are times
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when we may want to change the mood in a meeting or in a room by laughing,
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for example, or smiling we can have it spread to the other members of this group.
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At iWigdahl, how does meditation rewire the brain?
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When we cultivate wholesome habits of mind through meditation, it turns out that our brains literally change.
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Meditation changes two major systems in the brain.
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It changes our capacity to pay attention.
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The prefrontal cortex is majorly involved because this is the area of self-regulation.
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And this area is strengthened by meditation.
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The second change that occurs in the brain with meditation is focused on emotion.
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And meditation improves our ability to regulate our emotions,
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particularly in changing the connectivity among different networks in the brain.
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Most of the time, our self-related thinking, our beliefs about ourselves, really hijack our perception of reality.
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And what meditation does is it alters that.
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It shifts our connectivity so that we can see that our thoughts about ourselves, our beliefs, our expectations are there,
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but we can appreciate them for what they are.
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So this is how meditation affects the wiring in our brain.
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At Elon Konami asks, I need to get smarter.
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Anyone have any hacks for IQ or any activities they can do to increase neuroplasticity?
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The single best way that's non-pharmacological and safe is something that may be surprising to viewers, and that is aerobic exercise.
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Neuroplasticity is a word we use to refer to the fact
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that the brain can change in response to experience or to training, and it includes many different mechanisms, forming new connections, decreasing connections,
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kind of sculpting the brain.
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There are also new neurons that actually can grow, a process that we call neurogenesis.
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The real question is, how can we combine an increase in neuroplasticity with training the mind to improve our emotions?
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And there, I think, a combination of physical exercise and meditation is perhaps an ideal combination.
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Let me introduce something that I think is really totally new, the possibility of contemplative aerobics.
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Please try it.
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At the girl Z asks, where are my emotions?
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Why can't I feel anything?
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I want to feel.
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People sometimes report that they don't feel their emotions and that can be due to many different reasons.
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They may be having emotions that they're not experiencing consciously.
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It also may be that they're simply not having those emotions.
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The former we refer to as alexithymia,
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where a person is having difficulty labeling or naming or becoming aware of emotions that they have.
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The latter case is more like psychopathy.
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There are big differences among people in the extent to which they feel their emotions.
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We talked about the fact that when we have emotions, we don't always consciously feel them.
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One thing that you can try is to simply sit quietly.
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When you have an emotion, bring your awareness into your body.
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And you can scan your body, starting at the head
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and going down through all the different parts of your body
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going into the face into your neck into your shoulders into your torso and simply
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bring awareness to these different parts of the body on a regular basis
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and see if that can help to connect you to the emotions
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that you feel at reformer allusium asks a series of questions what What is emotional maturity?
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How can it be measured?
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Is emotional maturity connected to age?
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What age can we be emotionally matured?
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How is it objective and what makes it beyond a mere opinion?
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Emotional maturity is probably most akin to showing high levels of emotional intelligence
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and emotional intelligence includes the capacity to effectively regulate our emotions and also the capacity to be aware of our own emotions,
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to be self-aware.
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There are simple forms of meditation that we know can improve a person's emotional maturity or their emotional intelligence.
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There are ways to measure this,
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including really hard-nosed ways in the brain that involve looking at the interaction between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala,
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as well as behaviorally to see how this is expressed in the real world in our everyday behavior.
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At Gmonster7000 asks, wait, what goes on in our brains when we laugh?
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Are our neurons laughing too?
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Laughing might serve as a kind of emotional reset.
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It's a big change that can occur and in a very quick way reset our neural circuits.
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There are some cool insights that we've gleaned about laughter from the study of neuroscience
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and in particular from the study of patients who've had damage to one part of their brain or another.
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It turns out that people who've had damage to their right hemisphere, where their left hemisphere is preserved, are more likely to laugh.
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So the area of the brain that is preserved is the one that's laughing.
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And so when the right side is damaged, it may disinhibit the left side of the brain so it becomes more active.
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That's been called in the scientific literature, pathological laughter.
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They laugh at things that most of us would probably not laugh at.
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And this has given us some insight that the left hemisphere of the brain, particularly the left frontal region of the brain,
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may be associated with certain kinds of positive emotion that laughter is associated with.
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At XYS Hearts wants to know, why am I so mad?
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Madness or anger is typically triggered by something outside of us, a systemic injustice, our goals being thwarted.
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That is perceived in the brain.
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If we are really mad and we're trying to regulate that madness, the prefrontal cortex, which is here,
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is definitely gonna be involved.
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It is involved in self-regulation, including the regulation of emotion.
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It is larger in humans than it is in any other species.
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And this is likely associated with the fact
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that humans can self-regulate in ways that are far more sophisticated than in any other species.
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But there's one downside to that.
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In addition to the capacity to self-regulate, the prefrontal cortex also confers the possibility of dysregulation.
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Psychiatric problems are far more prevalent in humans than they are in any other species.
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And that is because of the prefrontal cortex.
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Atkar Sopples asks, I always wonder what love actually is.
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Is love a gesture?
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Is it a feeling?
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Is it an emotion?
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Is it a combination of all three?
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Many years ago, when I first met the Dalai Lama in 1992,
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I made a commitment to him that I would put compassion on the scientific map as best I could.
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And I think over the last 20 years, the field has really been quite successful in that.
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I would now like to do the same thing for love.
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There is very little serious research on love.
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We do know that love includes areas of the brain that we typically think of as being involved in emotion.
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Clearly, love involves going beyond oneself, a dissolution, at least in part, of self-other boundaries.
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Exactly how this occurs in a scientific or biological framework is very difficult to specify at this point in time.
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It's going to involve changes in connectivity between the default mode of the brain and other circuits,
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particularly circuits involved in positive emotion.
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So those are all the questions for today.
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Really great questions.
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Thank you so much.
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And thank you for watching Emotion Support.
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วิดีโอนี้เหมาะกับใคร?
วิดีโอนี้เหมาะสำหรับผู้ที่ต้องการ เรียนภาษาอังกฤษจากวิดีโอ โดยเฉพาะผู้ที่มีความสนใจในด้านอารมณ์และจิตวิทยา ผู้เรียนที่มีระดับพื้นฐานไปจนถึงระดับกลางจะสามารถใช้วิดีโอนี้เพื่อเพิ่มพูนความรู้และปรับปรุงทักษะการสื่อสารในภาษาอังกฤษได้ โดยเฉพาะในเรื่องของการเข้าใจและแสดงออกทางอารมณ์ ผ่านการสนทนาของนักประสาทวิทยาและจิตแพทย์ที่มีชื่อเสียง
คำและสำนวนที่ควรจดจำ
- stress - ความเครียด: สิ่งที่ทุกคนประสบในชีวิตประจำวัน
- emotional cues - สัญญาณทางอารมณ์: สัญญาณที่แสดงถึงความรู้สึกของผู้อื่น
- empathy - ความเห็นอกเห็นใจ: ความสามารถในการเข้าใจความรู้สึกของคนอื่น
- chemical imbalances - ความไม่สมดุลของสารเคมี: แนวคิดที่เกี่ยวข้องกับสุขภาพจิต
วิธีการออกเสียงให้ถูกต้อง
เพื่อ ปรับปรุงการออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษ ของคุณให้ดีขึ้น การฟังและเลียนแบบเสียงจากผู้พูดในวิดีโอสามารถช่วยได้มาก ควรให้ความสนใจกับการเน้นเสียงและจังหวะของประโยค เช่น การใช้เสียงที่สูงขึ้นในตอนที่พูดถึงอารมณ์หรือความรู้สึก ซึ่งจะทำให้การสื่อสารมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น การ ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษ โดยการทำ shadow speech จะช่วยให้คุณเรียนรู้จากการออกเสียงที่ถูกต้องและปรับแต่งสไตล์การพูดของตัวเองให้มีธรรมชาติมากขึ้น
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | we've learned · have shown · you've researched |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | are found · may be confronted · are literally deprived |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | someone who has · cortex, which is |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ