ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Former FBI Agent Explains How to Read Body Language | Tradecraft | WIRED
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183 ประโยค
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1
Nonverbals are anything that communicates but is not a word.
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The public knows them as body language.
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How we dress, how we walk, have meaning.
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And we use that to interpret what's in the mind of the person.
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My name is Joe Navarro, and for 25 years, I was a special agent with the FBI.
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My job was to catch spies.
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Most of my career I spent within the National Security Division.
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A lot of it had to do with looking at specific targets, and then it was about, well, how do we get in their heads,
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and how do we neutralize them?
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Our security is based on nonverbals.
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We look at the person through the peephole.
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We look at who's behind us at the ATM machine.
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We know from the research that most of us select our mates based on non -verbals.
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So we may think we're very sophisticated, but in fact we are never in a state where we're not transmitting information.
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There's a lot of myths out there.
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The ones that stand out is if you cross your arms, that it's a blocking behavior.
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That's just nonsense.
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Even when you don't like the person that is in front of you, this isn't to block them out, it's actually to self -soothe.
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Because in essence, it's a self -hug.
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When you're sitting at a movie and you're watching, you're going to cross your arms.
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You're waiting for somebody, you tend to do this.
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What's interesting is we do this behavior more in public than in private.
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The other one that really stands out is, as we think about something, we may look in a certain way.
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As we process the information, we may look in another way.
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It's certainly not indicative of deception, and it really shouldn't be used that way.
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All we can say is the person is processing the information.
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The other misconceptions are that if the person clears their throat, touches their nose, or covers their mouth, they're lying.
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We do these behaviors as self -soothers.
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They're pacifying behaviors.
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Scientifically and empirically, there's just no Pinocchio effect.
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And people who prattle that and say, well we can detect deception because the person touches their nose
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or covers their mouth that's just sheer nonsense
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we humans are lousy at detecting deception espionage work is often nowhere near what we see in movies
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and in one of the cases we had information from another country saying
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you have an american we think is actually a mole who somehow entered the united states
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He's able to pass as an American, but he's here working for a hostile intelligence service.
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And just fortuitously, he was videographed coming out of a flower shop.
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We're looking at the video and everybody in our small unit, we were saying, well, there's not much there.
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You know, he's coming out of the shop, getting in his car.
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And I said, stop the film right there.
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Just as he came out of the shop, he took the flowers and most
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Americans tend to hold the flowers by the stock so that the flowers are up.
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This individual took them and grabbed the stock and then held the flowers so that they were facing down.
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And I said, that's how they carry flowers in Eastern Europe.
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Rather than confront him about, are you a spy, I decided to do what's called a presumptive.
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So as I sat there with him, I said, would you like to know how we know?
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And he had this look on his face and I said, it was the flowers, and then he confessed.
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When I came into law enforcement, I thought it was all about the confession.
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It's really about FaceTime.
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In my 25 years in the FBI, it was a rarity that a person didn't eventually
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reveal what I needed to know because we would sit down
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and have these very lengthy conversations
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I look at behaviors to do an assessment what is this
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person transmitting in relations to any stimuli my further questioning comes from my observing these behaviors the first thing
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I look at is I look at the hair does it
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look healthy does it look well -groomed the forehead is very interesting
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because a lot of times we reveal stress a lot of the things
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that we have gone through life are often etched in the forehead i look at the eyes to see
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if they're red
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or not enough sleep this small area here between the eyes called the glabella it's one of the first areas
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that reveals information to us most often when we don't like something we do that bunny nose of I don't like.
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We don't really know what our lips look like, and we tend to compress them when something bothers us.
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When something really bothers us, we tend to suck them in the mandibula and look at the cheeks.
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We may do something like this.
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We'll rub our tongue against the inside of the cheek.
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But when we try to hide it, then it tells me that this person is trying to do some perception management.
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And if they are, I want to know why.
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At the neck, I want to see if there's any head tilt, because head tilt, the person is more relaxed.
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The minute the head tilt goes away, there's usually some issue.
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I'm looking at the shoulders.
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You ask somebody a question and they don't know, both shoulders shoot up very quickly.
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And then I look at the hands.
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When something's troubling us, we tend to stiffen our fingers, interlace them, and almost like a teepee,
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we move our hands back and forth very slowly slowly this is to be differentiated from
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when we do the steeple which we do in this position
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when something's at issue we tend to put our hands on our hips
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and we become very territorial this is called arms akimbo
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but look how it changes when we put our thumbs forward
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and then it becomes one of more of I'm inquisitive
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but I also look for any behaviors of ventilating
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because men tend to ventilate at the neck
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and we do at the very instant something bothers us
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and then i look at the legs to see
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if there's any brushing of the legs with the hands
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which is again to pacify
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and then the feet do i see any behaviors such as wiggling of the feet kicking of the feet
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if i ask a question and all of a sudden the feet withdraw
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and are crossed perhaps the person feels a little threatened by
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that question so
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when we study non -verbals it's not about making judgments it's about assessing what is this person transmitting in that moment
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it really is looking at an individual
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and saying what are they transmitting we're all transmitting at all times we choose the clothes
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that we wear how we groom ourselves how we dress but also how do we carry ourselves?
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Are we coming to the office on this particular day with a lot of energy, or are we coming in with a different sort of pace?
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And what we look for are differences in behavior down to
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the minutiae of what is this individual's posture as they're walking down the street?
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Are they on the inside of the sidewalk, on the outside?
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Can we see his blink rate?
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Can we see how often he's looking at his watch?
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I know your blink rate is around eight, eight times a minute, but you don't know that.
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You're not sitting there counting.
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All these things factor in because they're transmitting information.
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Now it's up to us to then use that information to say,
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okay, we need to marshal resources to be on that individual right now. So in most
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Western cultures, the first time people touch is when they shake hands.
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Touching becomes that important because we can always remember a time when we shook hands with someone and we didn't like that.
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It's also the first time when our bodies release these bonding chemicals that say, I like this person or I don't like this person.
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And so, handshaking is both necessary and essential in most cultures.
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All right.
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Ladies, hi, I'm Joe Navarro.
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Joe, I'm Laura.
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Laura, how are you?
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And you are?
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Katija.
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Katija, how are you?
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I'm good.
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Let me ask you this.
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Let's back up a little bit.
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Is this comfortable for you?
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Yes.
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Yeah it's a little bit more comfortable
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but it's not for you is it all right thank you all right
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so keep talking what we've done here is we've talked about the importance of space
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and comfort they don't realize is how much further apart they are now standing and it's
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because we have brought this subject up to make them comfortable about saying hey
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it's okay to be comfortable at your perfect distance and
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so now we see when they rock they rock away from each other
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and they create this space if you notice their feet tend to move around more.
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There's a dynamic going on here where they're kind of trying to find, well, what is the perfect space?
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What is the perfect distance?
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And we know that they're unsettled because of the high degree of movement that's going on.
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Check.
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Poker's an interesting game.
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The similitudes of sitting across from a spy or sitting across from players, it's their reactions to a stimulus.
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We have behaviors indicative of psychological discomfort that we use at home, at work, or at the poker table.
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So we're gonna take a look at poker players
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and some of the body language that you'll find at a typical poker game.
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so we'll pause it right there so one of the things
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that you first notice is that
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when a table is called this is the first time many of them see each other
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this is a great opportunity to be looking for behaviors indicative of discomfort we're gonna see the individual shifting in his chair,
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we're gonna see one individual reaching over and grabbing his shoulder.
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The woman, in this case, her shoulders are rather high.
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This is a great opportunity, even before the game starts, to collect poker intelligence.
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Alright guys, button is good.
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So we'll stop right there.
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Look where their hands are at.
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Here we're looking at player number two and number three, and we notice right away that their hands are on top of the cards.
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Some players will cage their cards, some players will put their hands directly on top and press them down.
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And they may do that because the cards have now increased in value.
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Player number one tends to keep his hands very close to his body.
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Player number four, she's actually withdrawn her hands from the table.
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Because when we like things, we tend to move our hands forward.
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When we don't like things, we tend to move the hands away.
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So as we look at player number three, I'm often asked about players who shuffle their chips.
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What you're really doing is self -soothing, and this just helps you to make it through the game, and that's really all we're looking for.
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Oh, come on!
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Okay, so we'll stop right there.
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Player number five is sitting there, arms crossed, you don't see a lot of activity.
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That doesn't mean he's not transmitting a lot of information.
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On down the line, I want to see where those thumbs of his are
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because he holds them very close when nothing's going on.
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But does that change as the game evolves?
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If you're looking at nonverbals, it's often useful to look at them at double the speed
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because all the nonverbals that are critical jump out at you as though it were a caricature.
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all right
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so stop right there the woman in position number four
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you see her head moving around quite a bit player number three
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you see a lot of activity with his hands
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when we look at player number five now his hands are fully out
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this is as far as we've seen them before at this point we know
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that he's engaged and
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that he's interested now the game is out in the open 75 to 80 percent of the information
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we need is sitting out there.
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What you often see is everybody's looking at their own cards or looking at the community cards rather than looking around.
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You should be looking around to see, well, what was the reaction?
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Because you're going to see that reaction again.
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You know, in poker we used to say that you can have a poker face, but I encountered you can't have a poker body.
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Somewhere it's going to be revealed.
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When I was in college in the early 70s, there were really no courses on nonverbal communications.
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You quickly realize that to a great extent, it's really about what you can interpret from behavior.
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And so we talk about nonverbals because it matters, because it has gravitas, because it affects how we communicate with each other.
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When it comes to nonverbals, this is no small matter we primarily communicate non -verbally and we always will.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Former FBI Agent Explains How to Read Body Language” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: hands, behavior, player, tend วิดีโอนี้มี 183 ประโยค และ 2208 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 14:37 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 151 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 87% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ คำศัพท์จึงตามได้ง่าย
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| flower คำนาม | /ˈfloʊɚ/ | ดอก, ดอกไม้ |
| reveal คำกริยา | /ɹɪˈviːl/ | เปิดเผย |
| bother คำกริยา | /ˈbɑðɚ/ | รบกวน, กวน |
| deception คำนาม | /dɪˈsɛpʃən/ | การหลอกลวง |
| shake คำกริยา | /ˈʃeɪk/ | เขย่า |
| nonsense คำนาม | /ˈnɒn.səns/ | ความเพ้อเจ้อ, การเพ้อเจ้อ |
| thumb คำนาม | /ˈθʌm/ | นิ้วโป้ง, หัวแม่มือ |
| cheek คำนาม | /t͡ʃiːk/ | แก้ม |
| forehead คำนาม | /ˈfɔɹ.hɛd/ | หน้าผาก, เถิก |
| interpret คำกริยา | /ɪnˈtɜː.pɹɪt/ | ตีความ |
| blink คำกริยา | /ˈblɪŋk/ | กะพริบ |
| finger คำนาม | /ˈfɪŋɡɚ/ | นิ้ว |
| extent คำนาม | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | ขอบข่าย, ขนาด |
| hip คำนาม | /hɪp/ | สะโพก |
| select คำกริยา | /sɪˈlɛkt/ | คัดเลือก |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| sit down คำกริยา | นั่ง |
ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ
ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:
- You're waiting for somebody, you tend to do this.
- I'm looking at the shoulders.
- Can we see his blink rate?
- Can we see how often he's looking at his watch?
- Is this comfortable for you?
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | is based · was videographed · are often etched |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | have gone · we've done · have brought |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 57 ครั้ง เช่น don't, we're, you're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/, thumb /ˈθʌm/, throat /ˈθɹoʊt/, myth /mɪθ/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: deception /dɪˈsɛpʃən/, shake /ˈʃeɪk/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, brush /bɹʌʃ/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, indicative /ɪnˈdɪk.ə.tɪv/, primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/, psychological /ˌsaɪ.kəˈlɑː.d͡ʒɪ.kl̩/, territorial /ˌtɛɹ.əˈtɔɹ.i.əl/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, indicative /ɪnˈdɪk.ə.tɪv/, nonsense /ˈnɒn.səns/, verbal /ˈvɜː.bəl/, stimulus /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, indicative /ɪnˈdɪk.ə.tɪv/, verbal /ˈvɜː.bəl/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: observe /əbˈzɜːv/, pause /pɔːz/, inquisitive /ɪŋˈkwɪzətɪv/, lousy /ˈlaʊ.zi/, neutralize /ˈnutɹəˌlaɪz/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง flower, reveal, bother เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ