Shadowing Practice: All The Ghosts You Will Be - Learn English Speaking with Video
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285 משפטים
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Hey Vsauce!
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Michael here.
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A single piece of refined flour is, on average, just 82.67 microns wide.
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That means a five pound bag of flour contains about 2.7 billion individual specks of flour dust.
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Now if each of those particles were a person, three bags could represent every single human alive on Earth today.
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8.1 billion itty bitty things.
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Are you under 30 years old?
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Is a question that could roughly divide everyone alive today in half.
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The yeses and the noes.
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But can you imagine a second question that could then divide both of those groups in half?
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Well if so, and if you kept doing that, after just 33 questions you would be left with more than 8 billion groups, each containing just one person.
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In other words, out of everyone alive today, we could pinpoint a specific individual.
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For example, you with just 33 yes or no questions.
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What would those questions be?
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Do they even exist?
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We don't know.
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But we do know that every year about this many people die.
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A little bit more than a quarter cup.
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But about twice as many as that are born.
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But how many people have ever been born?
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This many.
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117 billion.
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But out of all of these people, out of everyone who has ever existed, this is how many you will ever meet.
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You are a stranger to your own species.
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This is a video about how you will be forgotten.
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It's about the ghosts that surround us and how they're getting closer.
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Our journey begins 2,500 kilometers above the surface of the sun.
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There, a hot layer of ionized gas begins its reach millions of kilometers out into space.
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It's called the solar corona.
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And normally it's outshone by the rest of the sun because it gives off just one millionth as much light.
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But during an eclipse it can be seen.
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When you are eclipsed, your own sort of corona will remain as well.
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The memories people have of you, your treasure and junk, emails and texts you sent,
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the fact that your child has a nose like yours, every appearance you made in the background of a stranger's photo,
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Those are all traces of you that shine while you're alive, but can also continue long after you're gone.
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Douglas Hofstetter called them your solar corona.
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I love that phrase because it makes a cosmological phenomenon personal by literally including you.
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How long will you be here?
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Well, that's why I made this clock.
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It tells the time, but it also tells your time.
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Just answer a few questions and then when it's ready push the red button
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and the clock will begin counting down the seconds you have left to live.
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Approximately.
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Now whenever you want you can switch it to show the time, but that's not nearly as fun.
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Also, this clock never forgets.
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If you take away its power, it'll go dark, but it's still thinking about you.
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Next time you plug it in, it will pick right back up where it should be.
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Now if you would like a practical, retro, memento mori, you can pre-order one of these now.
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Omnis Vulnerant Ultima Nacat is Latin and it refers to these passing seconds.
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It means each of these wounds, the last kills.
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Max Nox means soon it will be night.
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And it will.
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But while this is ticking down, something else is ticking up.
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The number of ghosts in the world.
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Your nominal ghost is your name.
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It's out there representing you whether you're there or not.
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It won't haunt the world forever though.
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As we've often been reminded, you die twice.
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Once when your heart stops beating and then again, usually sometime later, when your name is spoken for the last time.
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But whose name has been remembered the longest?
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Well, signed here on this 5,000 year old tablet is the oldest written name we've ever found.
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Cushum, the first named character we know in the written history of humanity, probably.
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It's not entirely clear whether Cushum is the name of a person or just the title of an office holder.
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You know, if you want to be really sure, a generation or two later, this tablet was made.
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It contains three names, Galsal and two people he enslaved, N-pop X and a woman named Sokalger.
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These individuals are the reigning champs of avoiding the second death.
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And with archival practices and technologies being what they are today, your name could conceivably last just as long as these have already.
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But you know, I gotta say, if you want your ghosts to last longer, it helps to bend the truth a little bit.
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Toby Zhukunov built this interactive globe that shows the most famous person born in every location.
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Fame is based on Wikipedia data.
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How long their article is, how many languages it's in, how many visits it gets per day, stuff like that.
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By the way, out of everyone alive right now, about this many of us, almost exactly a quarter teaspoon, are mentioned on Wikipedia.
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Now let's zoom in on Stilwell, Kansas.
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Ooh, hey there, good looking.
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But here's the thing.
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I wasn't born in Stilwell.
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I grew up there.
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I lived there from ages 5 to 18.
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But I was born in Kansas City.
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For a while, a lot of things online said that I was born in Stillwell, so that's probably how I wound up here.
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But should I correct it?
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What's more important?
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The truth or a little lie that prolongs and enhances my nominal ghost?
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Maybe the truth.
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Because even if my name is forgotten, images of me may stick around.
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And that is your second ghost.
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Your likeness.
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Figurative portrayals of what you look like.
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Now we have no idea what most people who have lived looked like.
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Long ago, no records were made.
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Eventually some were and have survived.
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So who's the earliest known person where, like, we know what they look like?
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Well, it's probably Gudea.
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He was an ancient Sumerian ruler and 27 4,000 year old statues of him have been found in southern Iraq.
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They stand out not just for their craftsmanship but also for the fact
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that earlier depictions of human forms are either more abstract or generalized.
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But because these depictions of Gudea are more realistic, are so similar to each other and have been found spread so widely,
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it's tenable that they're similar to the actual face of the actual individual as he appeared in life,
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the first known illustrated person in our history.
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Even if your figural ghosts don't stick around as long as Goudéas have, things that look kind of like you might.
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I'm talking about your genetic ghost, your personal genomic variation that can be carried on by your descendants.
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Now interestingly, even Even if your progeny are especially fecund, your genetic ghost probably won't stick around that long.
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Just how much of your unique genetic code winds up in your grandkids, for example, depends partly on chance.
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It could be anywhere from 23 to 27 percent.
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Your great grandkids will only contain 9 to 14 percent of you.
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Your great great great great great great great grandchildren will on
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average be no more similar to you than you are to any stranger.
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In fact, it is at that distance that it becomes possible to be genetically left behind,
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for absolutely no personal chunks of your genome to be present in anyone.
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More than 70% of your ancestors from 11 generations ago aren't in you at all.
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So you're not so much the genetic foundation on which your progeny sit as you are their baby teeth.
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A thing that served a purpose but was destined to then fall out and be set aside.
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Where should you be buried if you want to become a fossil?
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Fossils last a long time.
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Your legacy could be representing our species in a cool bony pose in a museum millions of years from now.
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Well as it turns out, fossilization, the mineralizing of bones into rocky ghosts, is an exceedingly rare occurrence.
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Bill Bryson puts it this way, less than one-tenth of one percent of a species is ever lucky enough to become fossilized.
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Which means that millions of years from now,
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all that will be left of every single person alive today in the US will probably just be about 60 fossilized bones,
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not even one full human skeleton.
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The best way to improve your chances of becoming a fossil are to be buried rapidly and deeply, with no coffin,
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under the sea floor of a still mass of water at low elevation where sediment deposits will be swift
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and fine and oxygen levels low.
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Some locations that fit this bill are parts of the Black Sea, the Gulf of Mexico where the Mississippi disgorges,
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and the mangrove swamps along the northern coast of Australia.
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But even then, there's risk, right?
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Earth is an active, churning rock and erosion can wear you away, metamorphic activity could melt you back down.
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So if you want to be a trace for a long time, leave.
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The oldest unchanged piece of Earth wasn't even found on Earth.
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It was found on the moon, where geological activity is less brutal.
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A monolith engraved with your name and biography buried on the moon would be a good idea.
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Except in, you know, 5 to 10 billion years our sun will expand into a red giant engulfing the Earth and moon, likely destroying them forever.
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No. A copper disk coated in aluminum and gold floating through space would be even better.
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The golden records aboard the Voyager spacecraft could exist for trillions of years.
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They could conceivably still be legible even after the last star goes dim.
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But your final type of ghost will be there too.
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It's what I call your ripple ghost, the diffused domino effect of all of your actions.
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There will be people, for example, a century from now who could enjoy the shade of a tree you planted without ever wondering who put it there.
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The butterfly effect effectively guarantees us all a sort of anonymous, minute immortality.
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Just by being born, technically you changed the universe irrevocably.
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The tiny and subtle but very real way your mass affects the planet Saturn right now
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will contribute in some extremely small way to exactly how and when its rings collapse.
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When the universe enters its heat death and it's the same temperature everywhere, the arrangement of matter in the universe will be the way it is because you existed.
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There will be no minds to observe it, so you won't be remembered,
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but you won't be annihilated. But like... So what?
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Ooh, I've got ghosts that stick around.
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Newsflash, buddy!
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I'm not my ghosts!
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Okay, first of all, yeah.
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That's exactly why talk of fame and legacy gets so fizzily. For what?
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I won't be around to enjoy it and eventually no one will be.
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But secondly, that's actually a pretty good definition of the self.
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You are everything you take with you when you die.
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Your secrets.
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The things you could have done or said but never did.
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That's what you are.
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Now, you could desperately try to do as much as you can and leave as much on the table as possible, but life is short.
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Too short?
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Well, Derek Parfit has pointed out that the brevity of life probably has nothing to do with its meaning.
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If your life was twice as long, would it have twice as much meaning?
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If we were all immortal, would the meaning of life suddenly be obvious?
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No. Meaning is separate from the sheer participation we crave.
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We just want to keep playing this game.
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And there's never been more game to play.
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Staggering amounts of what we want to experience have been tamed into beasts so lightweight and so fast that like ghosts,
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they can pass through walls.
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The soy bomb only lasted 36 seconds, but because a digital ghost of it lingers in Earth's largest haunted house,
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an average of 40 people have seen it every day for the last 30 years.
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Old music started outselling new music for the first time in 2015.
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Today, we each spend an average of 7 hours
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and 3 minutes a day in a haunted house full of avatars and messages from the living and dead alike.
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People and ideas and art and the past have become not just accessible, but accessible.
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We are on these ghost portals so much it's become pretty much the only way anyone finds companionship anymore.
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For crying out loud, more people on this planet own cell phones than toothbrushes.
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Documentality is the word Maurizio Ferraris gave to his ontology of traces,
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but it's also a great word for the extent to which day-to-day life in a society happens as documentation.
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In a society of high documentality, nearly every transaction, click, step,
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every memory, everything said or done is vulnerable to recording or simply comes into the world already pre-remembered.
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Not Not as an ephemeral oral exchange or a haphazard note, but as a high fidelity, time stamped, cataloged artifact.
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In such a world, it shouldn't be surprising
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if it starts to feel like there are more things you've said than things you could say.
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More ways things have been than ways things could be.
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The future isn't what it used to be.
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But don't get it twisted.
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Complete documentality is far from here.
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As I've mentioned before, our estimates of the current human population have about a 2 to 3% margin of error.
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That means that about this many people may or may not exist.
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And at any given moment in the US alone, there are about 40,000 deceased bodies whose identities are unknown.
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When Steve Fawcett failed to return to the Flying M Ranch in 2007,
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search and rescue efforts sent to find him discovered eight previously unidentified airplane crashes
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that weren't him but had been out there for in some cases decades.
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And when authorities searched for Gabby Petito, they found her and the bodies of at least eight other people they weren't even looking for.
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We are not a documented species.
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We are a bunch of animals walking in and out of rooms.
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That said, something's changed.
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The last time a body was interred in the tomb of the unknown soldier was after the Vietnam War,
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but it was removed in 1998 after DNA testing connected it to a name, Michael Joseph Blassie.
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In 2014, prosecutors didn't need witnesses
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or security cam footage to construct what happened between Michelle Carter and Conrad Roy because they had these thousands of text messages.
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Despite living just 35 miles apart, Carter and Roy's relationship occurred almost entirely through text.
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So these are not pieces of their relationship.
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They're not evidence of the whole story.
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They are the whole story.
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These messages aren't missing the glances, the nods, the way he or she said it.
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This is all they each saw and we have it all.
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An entire human relationship that happened as and and still is undying documents.
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They're all online.
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Just a few taps deep in the world's largest ocean of documentation.
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And we just keep filling it up, turning more and more of what we do and see into ghosts.
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Not just to remember, but to experience.
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When we instinctively watch events through our phones, it's not that we aren't living in the moment, it's that we are.
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Today, to be in the moment, You have to be fully in the moment.
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Every part of you, even the eye, you have to charge and the mind you share with others.
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See what's happening?
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We are not just getting more ghosts, we are beginning to live as ghosts as an account, a like, a post, a view.
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And it's great!
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We're spared the humilities of confrontation, and to be an image is to be something.
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Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth knew this.
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They had photographic images of themselves printed up.
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To own and control and sell your own figural ghost meant that you had power.
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But today, being a ghost surrounded by other ghosts causes a certain kind of newfangled anxiety.
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In his 1985 Amusing Ourselves to Death, Neil Postman describes what he calls the information action ratio.
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Now even though this book predates the World Wide Web, it may as well have been written about it.
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Let me ask you a modern version of a question he asks in here.
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How often does something you see on social media cause you to alter your plans for the day
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or to take some action you would not otherwise have taken
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or provide you with insight into some problem you are required to solve.
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When everything persists, irrelevance takes over.
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But the constant scroll of doom and pleasure and distraction isn't just irrelevant, is it?
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No, it's truly a ghost that can pass right through you.
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You can sit and stare for an hour and not remember a single thing you were served.
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We don't do that because it feels good.
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We do it because our minds want to be unsettled.
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A never-ending scroll of decontextualized news and horror and comedy and family and backflips isn't some unholy modern abomination of nature.
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It is exactly the niche we evolved to thrive in.
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Oh.
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Oh no, my brain evolved to eat berries in a cave.
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No, it evolved to reach the lushness of Southeast Asia and then cross the Wallace Line.
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Not because it had to and not because it could, but because what laid beyond was next and we've got autoplay on.
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Hey, let's build a thing that floats and like we could fit in it.
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We could call it a boat.
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Huh?
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What's that?
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Where will it take us?
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Away.
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We are not the universe experiencing itself.
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We are the universe ignoring itself.
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We are the universe looking for something else.
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In order to be here for long, we needed to not be here for long.
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I don't think it's the risk or the challenge that motivates us.
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Good stories and curiosity and adventure are the icing on the cake we really desire, unsettledness.
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Not knowing what's going to happen next can be exciting.
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Why?
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I think in the same way that long necks were selected in giraffes
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because no one was eating the way up high leaves, and in the same way that white fur was selected in polar mammals because no one was eating snow,
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imagination was selected in humans because no one was eating possibilities.
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As soft apes in the midst of climatic change, those who survived didn't wait for natural selection to provide an answer.
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No, they relied as we still do today not on evolution but on resolution,
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on picturing and manipulating an analog world inside the theater of their own minds.
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Up here we can imagine things that aren't hypotheticals, the distant past and future, the way things might be.
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We can recognize that collecting firewood now will be worth it.
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We can recognize that if there's no water here we can bring it to us.
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The world is not our home.
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It's fuel for the fire up here where we really live.
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But because of that fire, we have made the whole world our home.
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Our ancestors are those hominids whose resolving never resolved.
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Now, sure, binge-watching TV or scrolling a social media feed are pretty different than crossing the Bering Strait, but they're still unsettling, right?
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What's gonna happen next?
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Each next swipe brings you something different.
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Like the cognitive niche we built for ourselves, it never resolves.
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But unlike the travails of our ancestors, there's so much less danger.
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We can witness and interact safely from home.
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Like pieces of luggage being moved at light speed without moving at all.
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The internet is a bounty of torques and the laities.
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Pushes that spin us around but don't move us anywhere.
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And wishes not strong enough to inspire action.
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We're not amusing ourselves to death.
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We're amusing ourselves to life.
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A longer, scarier life.
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And as always, thanks for watching.
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button, the button stays locked down.
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It cannot change.
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It's locked to your soul, to your life.
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Unless you want to give it to someone else or you made a mistake or something, in which case you can reset it by just poking this into the hole in the back.
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But you better pre-order now, because time is literally running out.
הורד אפליקציה
כל מה שאתה צריך כדי לדבר בשטף
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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson
This video has 285 sentences and 3409 words to shadow. The speech runs for 21:51. The speaker talks at a natural 156 words per minute, close to everyday conversation. 83% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English; the rest is worth studying before you start.
Key vocabulary in this video
15 words from the video worth learning, with pronunciation and meaning:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ghost noun | /ɡoʊst/ | A disembodied soul; a soul or spirit of a deceased person; a spirit appearing after death. |
| genetic adjective | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | Relating to genetics or genes. |
| clock noun | /klɑk/ | A chronometer, an instrument that measures time, particularly the time of day. |
| trace noun | /tɹeɪs/ | An act of tracing. |
| flour noun | /ˈflaʊ.ə/ | Powder obtained by grinding or milling cereal grains, especially wheat, or other foodstuffs such as soybeans and potatoes, and used to bake bread, cakes, and… |
| bury verb | /ˈbɛɹi/ | To outlive. |
| evolve verb | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | To move (something) in regular procession through a system. |
| bone noun | /boʊn/ | A composite material consisting largely of calcium phosphate and collagen and making up the skeleton of most vertebrates. |
| legacy noun | /ˈlɛɡəsi/ | Money or property bequeathed to someone in a will. |
| fame noun | /feɪm/ | One's reputation. |
| accessible adjective | /əkˈsɛs.ɪ.bəl/ | Easy of access or approach. |
| divide verb | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | To split or separate (something) into two or more parts. |
| tablet noun | /ˈtæblət/ | A slab of clay, stone or wood used for inscription. |
| fossil noun | /ˈfɑsl̩/ | The mineralized remains of an animal or plant. |
| documentation noun | /ˌdɑkjəmɛnˈteɪʃən/ | A documentary. |
Phrasal verbs you will hear
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| stick around verb | To stay; to linger; to remain. | |
| back down verb | To take a less aggressive position in a conflict than one previously had, or has planned to have. | |
| back up verb | To move backwards, especially for a vehicle to do so. | |
| count down verb | To announce the passage of time to a precisely timed expected event. | |
| fall out verb | To come out of something by falling. | |
| give off verb | /ɡɪv ɒf/ | To emit; to produce and send forth; to come across in some manner. |
| grow up verb | To mature and become an adult. | |
| leave behind verb | To abandon. |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| משפטי תנאי (Conditional sentences) if + clause, will/would + verb — תנאי ותוצאה שלו | If you take away its power, it'll go · If we were all immortal, would the |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | have ever been born · has ever existed · have left |
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | would be left · are born · been born |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | everyone who has · people who have · those who survived |
Pronunciation to watch
The speaker uses 48 contractions and reduced forms, such as don't, they're, won't. Say them the short way, as you hear them.
- The “th” sounds: theater /ˈθi(ə)tɚ/, tenth /tɛnθ/
- The “sh” and “zh” sounds: documentation /ˌdɑkjəmɛnˈteɪʃən/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/
- Long words — get the stress right: accessible /əkˈsɛs.ɪ.bəl/, documentation /ˌdɑkjəmɛnˈteɪʃən/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, participation /pɑːˌtɪs.ɪˈpeɪ.ʃən/
How to practise with this video
- Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
- Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
- Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like ghost, genetic, clock.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.