Shadowing Practice: How to Engage in a Debate Crossfire (Ep 10) - Learn English Speaking with Video
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you Argument Alice, Framework Freddy,
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Comparison Connie, Structure Sam, Delivery Danny, Rebuttal Rosie are...
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The Diology Debate Super Team.
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They are here to help develop your superpowers.
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- Hello everyone, Delivery Danny here, and today we will discuss Crossfire.
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Learning how to master Crossfire is critical to creating fun, interactive debates.
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Unlike a constructive or rebuttal speech, Crossfire provides speakers the opportunity to engage with each other directly.
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That's why we need to know the main types of Crossfire questions and the tips and tricks to help us remain cool, calm, and collected.
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Generally, we can use Crossfire questions in three ways.
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First, they can clarify confusing arguments.
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If you fail to understand or write down an important argument, do not be afraid to ask for clarification during the crossfire.
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Your team needs to understand the opponent's claims.
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Second, we can use crossfire questions to remind the audience of our evidence.
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Let's say we are debating the topic "Climate change is the biggest threat facing humanity." On the pro team,
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you make the argument that climate change decreases agricultural output as the world's food and water distribution.
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You also argue that food and water insecurity are the number one cause for violent conflict in war.
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However, your opponent says that war is a more significant threat than climate change.
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Instead of asking the question, "But, our evidence said climate change eventually leads to war, how do you respond to that?" we need to think more carefully about the goal of our question.
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By asking the previous question, we provide the opponent's opportunity for refutation.
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We are giving them 30 seconds to argue why our evidence is wrong, and good debaters will jump at the chance to punish this mistake.
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However, if we ask the question, "Our evidence indicates that food and water and security are the primary cause of conflict,
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what does your evidence explain is the primary cause of war?" Now, our opponents are limited in their response.
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If they said, "I don't know," then we can emphasize our evidence in the next speech
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and win the argument that climate change causes war.
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However, if they manage to find a reason in their evidence and say, "Our evidence indicates economic downturn causes war," then we are still in a great position.
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Why?
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Because we can easily argue that food and water insecurity are the primary cause of the economic downturn that their evidence mentions.
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The third and final way to effectively use crossfire questions is to poke holes in your opponent's arguments.
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Imagine you are on a boat in the middle of the ocean.
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Suddenly, one of your crewmates pulls out a pickaxe and starts punching holes in the bottom of your boat.
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You're sunk.
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Literally.
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Well, we too can poke holes in our opponent's boat.
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Crossfire allows debaters the opportunity to engage with our opponent's argument directly.
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Therefore, the best crossfire questions will pick apart our opponent's case.
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For example, The pro could ask, "How will the economy increase if climate change causes food and water insecurity, disease spread, population displacement, wildfires,
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hurricanes, floods, and animal extinction?" Although we provide our opponents an opportunity to respond, their answer is unlikely sufficient.
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That is because their evidence only notes how economic downturn causes war, and not that the world's economy will increase because of climate change.
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In this example, we are demonstrating a missing link in our opponent's logic.
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With the three main types of Crossfire questions in mind, let's discuss seven tips and tricks to improve your delivery during Crossfire.
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First, look at the judge and not your opponent.
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Although it is tempting to look at your opponent during crossfire, you should instead focus on the person you are trying to persuade.
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That means we should direct our questions to the judge and audience.
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Second, avoid yes or no questions.
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One of the most common crossfire mistakes is when debaters ask questions
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that can be answered with a simple yes or no. For example, if the pro team asks, do you agree that climate change is the biggest threat face in humanity,
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the con could respond by saying no. and we will prove that in today's debate.
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Not only did you waste a valuable opportunity to question your opponent, but your judge might also view your question as a waste of time.
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Third, avoid long, multiple part questions.
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Instead, keep your questions short and concise.
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A good rule is that each question should take no longer than 15 seconds to ask.
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Fourth, do not let one debater bully the other during crossfire.
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This tip can go both ways.
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First, do not bully your opponent by denying them the opportunity to ask a question.
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The only time speakers should ask two questions in a row is when they receive permission from the other debater.
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Second, do not let an opponent bully you during crossfire.
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answer your question.
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Fifth, always appear confident and ready to ask a question.
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The words "I don't have questions" should be avoided at all costs.
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Why? because you are signaling to the judge that this debate is out of your control.
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If you must, ask a clarifying question.
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But keep in mind
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that three clarifying questions in a row may still lead the judge to question your ability to refute arguments.
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Sext watch your time.
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Although it is encouraged for debaters to provide a detailed answer or finish their thought when the timer goes off, you should also avoid 30 second long explanations.
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Crossfire is an excellent opportunity to show off your debate skills, so don't waste it.
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Seventh, listen to your partner's answers.
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Sometimes you will be amazed by your partner's answers, and sometimes you'll be disappointed.
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It happens.
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However, it would be best if you listen to your partner's response so that
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Now that you know the three main types of Crossfire questions and seven of the best tips to improve your delivery, it is time for you to practice.
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Good luck!
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “How to Engage in a Debate Crossfire”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: crossfire, evidence, opponent, argument, climate. בסרטון הזה יש 72 משפטים ו-995 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 6:00. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-166 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. 85% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
12 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| crossfire שם עצם | /ˈkɹɔːsfaɪɹ/ | אֵשׁ צוֹלֶבֶת |
| clarify פועל | /ˈklæɹ.ɪ.faɪ/ | הבהיר |
| bully שם עצם | /ˈbʊli/ | בִּרְיוֹן |
| concise שם תואר | /kənˈsaɪs/ | תַּמְצִיתִי |
| pickaxe שם עצם | /ˈpɪkˌæks/ | מַכּוֹשׁ |
| refute פועל | /ɹɪˈfjuːt/ | הִפְרִיךְ |
| superpower שם עצם | מַעֲצָמָה | |
| confuse פועל | /kənˈfjuːz/ | בלבל |
| timer שם עצם | /ˈtaɪmɚ/ | טיימר |
| extinction שם עצם | /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ | הכחדה |
| persuade פועל | /pə(ɹ)ˈsweɪd/ | שִׁכְנֵעַ |
| punish פועל | /ˈpʌnɪʃ/ | הֶעֱנִישׁ |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| write down פועל | רָשַׁם |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-5 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו don't, you'll, you're. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: refutation /ˌɹɛf.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/, clarification /ˌklæɹɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/, punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: refutation /ˌɹɛf.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/, clarification /ˌklæɹɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, interactive /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: wildfire /ˈwaɪldˌfaɪər/, persuade /pə(ɹ)ˈsweɪd/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: clarify /ˈklæɹ.ɪ.faɪ/, pickaxe /ˈpɪkˌæks/, clarification /ˌklæɹɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, interactive /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: crossfire /ˈkɹɔːsfaɪɹ/, debater /dɪˈbeɪtə(ɹ)/, clarify /ˈklæɹ.ɪ.faɪ/, rebuttal /ɹiˈbʌt.əl/, refutation /ˌɹɛf.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו crossfire, clarify, bully.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.