Shadowing Practice: Ischemic Stroke - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology - Learn English Speaking with Video
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124 משפטים
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There are two main types of stroke.
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An ischemic stroke, which is when there is a blocked artery that reduces blood flow to the brain,
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and a hemorrhagic stroke, which is when there is an artery in the brain that breaks, creating a pool of blood that damages the brain.
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Of the two, ischemic strokes are much more common, and the amount of damage they cause is related to the parts of the brain
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that are affected and how long the brain suffers from reduced blood flow.
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Now, if symptoms self -resolve within 24 hours, it's called a transient ischemic attack, and there are usually minimal long -term problems.
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Okay, let's start with some basic brain anatomy.
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The brain has a few regions.
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The most obvious is the cerebrum, which is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, each of which has a cortex,
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an outer region divided into four lobes including the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe.
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There are also a number of additional structures including the cerebellum
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which is down below as well as the brainstem which connects to the spinal cord.
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The right cerebrum controls muscles on the left side of your body and vice versa.
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The frontal lobe controls movement and executive function which is our ability to make decisions.
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The parietal lobe processes sensory information which lets us locate exactly where we are physically
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and guides movement in a three -dimensional space.
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The temporal lobe plays a role in hearing, smell, memory, as well as visual recognition of faces and language.
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Finally, there's the occipital lobe, which is primarily responsible for vision.
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The cerebellum helps with muscle coordination and balance.
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And finally, there's the brain stem, which plays a vital role in functions like heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, gastrointestinal function and consciousness.
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The brain receives blood from the left and right internal carotid arteries, as well as the left and right vertebral arteries,
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which come together to form the basilar artery.
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The internal carotid arteries turn into the left and right middle cerebral arteries, which serve the lateral portions of the frontal,
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parietal, and temporal lobes of the brain.
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Each of the internal carotid arteries also gives off branches called the anterior cerebral arteries
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which serve the medial portion of the frontal and parietal lobes
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and connect with one another with a short little connecting blood vessel called the anterior communicating artery.
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Meanwhile, the vertebral arteries and basilar arteries give off branches to supply the cerebellum and the brain stem.
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In addition, the basilar artery divides to become the right and left posterior cerebral artery,
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which mainly serves the occipital lobe and some of the temporal lobe as well as the thalamus.
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Finally, the internal carotid arteries each give off a branch called the posterior communicating artery, which attaches to the posterior arteries on each side.
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So together, the main arteries and the communicating arteries complete what is called the circle of willis,
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a ring where blood can circulate from one side to the other in case of a blockage.
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The Circle of Willis offers alternative ways for blood to get around an obstructed vessel.
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In general, the brain can get by on diminished blood flow, especially when it happens gradually, because that allows enough time for collateral circulation to develop,
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which is where a nearby blood vessel starts sending out branches of blood vessels to serve an area that's in need.
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But once the supply of blood flow is reduced to below the need of the tissue, it causes tissue damage, which we call an ischemic stroke.
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There are two main ways an ischemic stroke happens.
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One mechanism is endothelial cell dysfunction, which is when something irritates or inflames the slippery inner lining of the artery, the tunica intima.
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One classic irritant is the toxin found in tobacco, which floats around in the blood damaging the endothelium.
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That damage becomes a site for atherosclerosis, which is where a plaque forms.
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This is when a buildup of fat, cholesterol, proteins, calcium, and immune cells form and start to obstruct arterial blood flow.
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This plaque has two parts to it, the soft, cheesy, textured interior and the hard outer shell which is called the fibrous cap.
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Branch points in arteries and particularly the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries are the most common spots for atherosclerosis.
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Usually though, it takes years for plaque to build up and this slow blockage only partially blocks the arteries.
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And so even though less blood makes it to the brain tissue, there's still some blood.
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So strokes happen when there is a sudden and complete or nearly complete blockage of the artery.
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So let's see how that can happen.
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Since plaques sit in the lumen of the blood vessel, they're constantly being stressed by mechanical forces from blood flow,
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and interestingly, it's often the smaller plaques that are more dangerous.
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Their fibrous caps are softer than the large ones, and are prone to getting ripped off.
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Once that happens, the inner cheesy filling is exposed to the blood and is thrombogenic, which means that they tend to form clots very quickly.
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Platelets adhere to the exposed cheesy material and they release chemicals that enhance the clotting process.
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Within a minute, that artery can be fully blocked.
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Another mechanism for ischemic stroke formation is an embolism.
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An embolic stroke typically happens when a blood clot breaks off from one location, travels through the blood, and gets lodged in an artery downstream,
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typically an artery, arterial, or capillary with a small diameter.
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These blood clots typically emerge from atherosclerosis but they can also form in the heart.
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For example stagnant blood flow can form a clot and blood can stagnate due to atrial fibrillation or after a heart attack.
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If a clot forms in the left atrium it moves into the left ventricle
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and from there it has direct route to the brain.
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On the other hand
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And if a clot forms in the low pressure veins or right atrium,
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then it goes to the right ventricle and gets lodged in the pulmonary capillaries, with no way of getting to the brain.
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An important exception is if a person has a heart defect, like an atrial septal defect, that allows blood
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and potentially a blood clot to wander from the right side of the heart over to the left side of the heart.
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In that situation, a venous or right atrial blood clot will have bypassed the pulmonary circulation and established a route to the brain.
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One specific type of ischemic stroke is called a lacunar stroke,
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and they typically involve the deep branches of the middle cerebral artery that feed the basal ganglia.
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Lacunar refers to lake, and is called that since after a lacunar stroke,
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the damaged brain tissue develops fluid -filled pockets called cysts that look like little lakes under a microscope.
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Lacuna strokes classically develop as a result of highline arteriolosclerosis, which is when the arteriole wall gets filled with protein.
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This can happen as a result of hypertension or diabetes, and can make the artery wall quite thick, reducing the size of the lumen.
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In addition to problems specific to an artery, something like shock can lead to reduction in blood flow throughout the entire body.
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In these cases, the tissues that are the furthest downstream are affected the most.
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This is because healthy tissue continues to extract what it needs from the blood flowing by,
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leaving little to no oxygen and nutrients for the tissue furthest away.
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The furthest downstream tissues in the brain are at the border of two different blood supplies.
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When the blood flow throughout the body is diminished for any reason, they get damaged, and this pattern of injury is called a watershed infarct.
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Regardless of the mechanism of an ischemic stroke, it's helpful to remember that there is an ischemic core,
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which is the brain tissue that will likely die from ischemia, and then there is the tissue around the core,
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called the ischemic penumbra, which is preserved for a period of time by collateral circulation
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and has a chance to survive if blood flow is restored quickly enough.
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Regardless of the type of ischemic stroke, without a steady supply of glucose and oxygen, cells run out of energy within minutes,
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and you get a high buildup of sodium and calcium levels in the cells.
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High sodium levels draw water into the cell, making it swell, and this is called cytotoxic edema.
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And high calcium leads up to the buildup of reactive oxygen radicals
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that react with lipids in the membranes of mitochondria and lysosomes.
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Damage to these organelles allow apoptosis inducing factors and degradative enzymes to seep out of the cell.
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Over a period of 4 -6 hours, immune cells begin to haul away damaged cells, and the resulting inflammation damages the blood -brain barrier,
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allowing fluids and proteins to get into the brain tissue, causing swelling or vasogenic edema.
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Because the skull creates a fixed volume,
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the swelling leads to a mass effect where the swollen brain tissue pushes into the unaffected side of the brain, called cingulate, or uncal herniation,
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or slips down and out of the base of the skull,
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called cerebellar tonsil herniation, which is particularly dangerous because it can push onto the brainstem and affect breathing and consciousness.
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Stroke symptoms depend on the exact part of the brain that is affected.
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For example, an interior or middle cerebral artery stroke can cause numbness and sudden muscle weakness.
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If a stroke affects the BRCA area, which is usually the left frontal lobe, or the Wernicke's area, which is usually the left temporal lobe,
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then it can cause slurred speech or difficulty understanding speech, respectively.
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If there's a posterior cerebral artery stroke, then it can affect vision.
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An acronym to remember some common stroke symptoms is FAST.
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Facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, and time.
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Time is obviously not a symptom,
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but just a reminder to help as quickly as possible to minimize cell injury and maximize the chance of a full recovery.
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To diagnose and confirm the location and size of an ischemic stroke, medical imaging with a CT or MRI can be used.
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Also, angiography, which uses a contrast injected into the blood, can help to visualize the exact location where blood flow is blocked within an artery.
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In addition, using flare -sequenced MRIs, it's possible to distinguish a new stroke injury from an old one.
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In an ischemic stroke, the ultimate treatment is to re -establish blood flow as quickly as possible to prevent further cell injury, particularly in the penumbra.
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Every minute counts.
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So thrombolytic enzymes like tissue plasminogen activator or TPA are used to activate the blood's natural clot -busting mechanism,
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but TPA does have a time limit of when it can be used.
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Aspirin is also used to prevent platelets from forming additional clots.
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If TPA is unsuccessful, surgical procedures can be used that push a wire through the artery and physically remove the clot.
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In mechanical embolus removal in cerebral ischemia, called MERCY for short, the wire grabs onto the clot and draws it out of the artery.
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In suction removal, the wire is used to physically break down the clot and the clot fragments are removed with suction.
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After a stroke has occurred, there is an elevated risk of having additional strokes, so it's important to minimize risk factors,
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the main one being quitting smoking, but others include having a healthy blood pressure, normal LDL cholesterol levels, and controlling other diseases like diabetes.
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Occasionally, a surgery may be necessary to help clean arteries obstructed by severe atherosclerosis.
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For example, in a carotid endarterectomy, the internal carotid artery is opened up and atherosclerotic plaque is removed.
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Alternatively, a stent might be placed to keep the artery opened up.
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Okay, as a quick recap, an ischemic stroke occurs when there is an acute decrease in the arterial blood supply.
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It can be due to atherosclerosis, a thrombus, or an embolus, or a global reduction in blood flow.
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The goal is to identify symptoms and re -establish blood flow to prevent long -term damage.
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To remember this, a common acronym is FAST, facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, and time.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Ischemic Stroke - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: blood, stroke, brain, artery, arteries. בסרטון הזה יש 124 משפטים ו-2041 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 13:06. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-156 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 70% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| artery שם עצם | /ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/ | עוֹרֶק |
| temporal שם תואר | /ˈtɛm.pə.ɹəl/ | זמני |
| symptom שם עצם | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | תַּסְמִין, סִימְפּטוֹם |
| cerebellum שם עצם | /ˌsɛrəˈbɛləm/ | הַמּוֹחַ הַקָּטָן |
| swell פועל | /swɛl/ | תפח, התנפח |
| calcium שם עצם | /ˈkælsi.əm/ | סידן, קלציום |
| acronym שם עצם | /ˈækɹənɪm/ | ראשי תיבות |
| ischemia שם עצם | /ɪˈski.mi.ə/ | איסכמיה |
| lumen שם עצם | /ˈlumən/ | נהור |
| penumbra שם עצם | /pəˈnʌm.bɹə/ | צל חלקי |
| platelet שם עצם | /ˈpleɪt.lət/ | טסית |
| ventricle שם עצם | /ˈvɛn.tɹɪk.əl/ | חדר |
| defect שם עצם | /ˈdiːfɛkt/ | פגם |
| enzyme שם עצם | /ˈɛn.zaɪm/ | אנזים |
| sodium שם עצם | /ˈsəʊ.di.əm/ | נַתְרָן |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | are affected · is divided · is called |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | stroke, which is · cerebrum, which is · function which is |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
- הצלילים של “th”: atherosclerosis /ˌæθɚoʊskləˈɹoʊsəs/, furthest /ˈfɜː(ɹ)ðɪst/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: circulation /ˌsɝkjʊˈleɪʃən/, diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/, suction /ˈsʌkʃən/, inflammation /ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: atherosclerosis /ˌæθɚoʊskləˈɹoʊsəs/, parietal /pəˈɹaɪ.ə.təl/, posterior /poʊˈstɪɹ.i.ɚ/, cerebellum /ˌsɛrəˈbɛləm/, circulation /ˌsɝkjʊˈleɪʃən/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: swell /swɛl/, wander /ˈwɑndɚ/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: plaque /plæk/, atherosclerosis /ˌæθɚoʊskləˈɹoʊsəs/, basilar /ˈbæz.əl.ɚ/, calcium /ˈkælsi.əm/, acronym /ˈækɹənɪm/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: artery /ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/, cerebral /səˈɹi.bɹəl/, carotid /kəˈɹɑt.ɪd/, atherosclerosis /ˌæθɚoʊskləˈɹoʊsəs/, frontal /ˈfɹʌn.təl/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו artery, temporal, symptom.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.