Shadowing Practice: SET Notations | Mathematics: IGCSE, GCSE & O Level (CIE/CAIE, Edexcel, AQA, OCR) - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Hi everyone!
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Welcome to Plaid Academy.
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I really hope this video helps you out.
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If it does, I'd super appreciate it if you could subscribe to my channel, give this video a like, share it with your friends, and leave a positive comment.
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Your support really keeps me motivated to create more great videos
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for you hey everyone in this video we're going to dive
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into the basics of sets we'll cover what a set is the notations of sets and how to perform set operations
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now if you're studying for your ig cse gcse or o level exams with cambridge international Pearson at Excel,
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AQA, or OCR, this video is made for you.
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It's also essential foundational knowledge for anyone heading into higher -level math.
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I hope you have fun learning and start loving math as much as I do.
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Let's get started.
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A set is a collection of objects, which are called the elements or members of the set.
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These objects can be numbers, animals, fruits, colors, in fact, anything you can imagine.
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A set can be described in two ways, by listing all its members or by giving a rule to describe them.
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In both cases, the list or rule is always enclosed in braces or curly brackets.
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For example, here is a set B shown by listing all its members,
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2, 4, 6, 8, enclosed in braces.
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Alternatively, this same set B can be described by a rule,
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the positive even numbers less than 10, also enclosed in braces.
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Both of these represent the exact same collection of objects.
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Next, let's talk about set notation.
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We're going to cover the symbols for the number of elements in a set, is a member of, the empty set,
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the universal set, subsets, complements, intersections, and unions.
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The number of elements or members in the set B is denoted by this symbol.
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Using our sets from before, the number of elements in set B is 4.
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This symbol means is a member of, or is an element of, and the symbol means is not a member of.
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In the above example, 2 is a member of B,
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but 3 is not a member of Next,
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let's talk about empty sets and universal sets.
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This symbol, or this symbol, is used to represent the empty set, or the null set.
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For example, if the set B equals days of the week starting with P,
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then B is empty set because there are no members in set B.
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Therefore, the number of elements in set B is zero.
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Now, the universal set is denoted by this symbol.
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The universal set contains all the elements being considered in a particular problem.
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For example, if our universal set is days of the week, we would list all members as Monday,
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Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday.
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Next, let's talk about subsets and complements.
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This symbol, or this symbol, means is a subset of.
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If set A is a subset of B, it means that every member of A is also a member of B.
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For example, let's look at set B equals 2, 4, 6.
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The all possible subsets of B are set of 2, set of 4, set of 6,
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set of 2, 4, set of 2, 6, set of 4, 6, and set of 2, 4, 6.
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And don't forget, the empty set is also a subset of B.
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The empty set is always a subset of every set.
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Now, the complement of set A is denoted by this symbol.
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It is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not in A.
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For example, if our universe is days of the week, and set A contains days starting with T, which is Tuesday, Thursday.
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Therefore, the complement of set A is Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday.
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Next, let's talk about intersection and union.
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The intersection of sets is denoted by this symbol.
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The intersection of A and B is the set of elements which are in both A and B.
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If set A is the positive integers that less than 10 and set B is 2, 3, 7, 11, 14, 25,
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therefore the intersection of A and B is 2, 3, 7.
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Now, the union of sets is denoted by this symbol.
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The union of A and B is a set of elements which are in A or B or both.
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Using our sets from before, the union of A and B is 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7,
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8, 9, 11, 14, 25.
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Next, let's talk about how to perform set operations.
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If the universal set is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
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7, 8, 9, 10, we have three sets within it.
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Set A is 1, 3, 5, set B is 3,
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4, 5, and set C is 1, 4, 10.
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Now, let's find the complement of set A.
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The complement of set A is all elements in the universal set that are not in A.
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So we remove the members of set A, which are 1, 3, 5, from the universal set.
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Therefore, the complement of A is 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
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Next, let's find the union of B and C.
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The union of B and C is the set of elements which are in A or B or both.
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Combining them gives us B union C.
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Therefore, the union of B and C is 1, 3, 4, 5, 10.
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Finally, find the intersection of A and B.
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The intersection of A and B is the set of elements which are in both A and B.
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Looking at our lists, 3 and 5 appear in both.
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Therefore, A intersection B is 3, 5.
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Next, let's look at operations involving three sets.
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Using our sets from before, first find the intersection of A, B, and C.
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This is the set of elements that are in all three sets at the same time.
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If we check our lists, there isn't a single number that appears in A, B, and C.
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Therefore, A intersection B intersection C is the empty sets.
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Now, let's find the number of elements in the complement of B and then intersection with A, then union with C.
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This looks tricky, so let's do it step by step.
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Step 1.
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Find the complement of B.
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The complement of set B is all elements in the universal set that are not in B.
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We remove 3, 4, and 5 from the universal set.
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Therefore, the complement of B is 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
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Step 2.
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Find the intersection of the complement of B and A.
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The intersection of complement of B and A is the set of elements
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which are in both the complement of B and A.
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We look for elements that are in our new list and in set A.
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The only number in both is 1.
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Therefore, the intersection of the complement of B and A is 1.
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Step 3.
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Find the union of that result with set C.
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The union of our result set and set C is the set of elements which are in 1, or C, or both.
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We take our result set, 1, and combine it with everything in set C, 1, 4, 10.
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Therefore, the complement of B.. intersection A and union C is 1 4 10.
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Step 4.
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Find the number of elements, since the number of elements in the complement of B intersection A and union C is 3.
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Next, let's check your understanding of set notation.
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Using our sets from before, state whether the following statements are true or false.
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First, 5 is a member of B.
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This is true because 5 is an individual element found inside set Second,
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the set of 1, 5 is members of A.
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This is false.
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While 1 and 5 are elements of A, the set of 1, 5 is a subset of A, not a member.
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Third, set A is a subset of C.
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This is false.
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For A to be a subset of C, every element in A must also be in C.
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Since 3 and 5 are in A but not in C, A is not a subset.
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Fourth, 4 -5 is a subset of B.
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This is false.
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The notation is wrong.
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The numbers 4 and 5 are just a list of elements of B.
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To represent a subset, they must be enclosed in braces to create a set, 4 -5.
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Once you add the braces, 4 -5 is a subset of B would be true.
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I really hope this video helps you out.
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If it does, I'd super appreciate it if you could subscribe to my channel, give this video a like, share it with your friends, and leave a positive comment.
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Your support really keeps me motivated to create more great videos for you.

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המלץ על סרטון

אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה

שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה B2 מבוסס על הסרטון “SET Notations”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: element, complement, intersection, member, subset. בסרטון הזה יש 121 משפטים ו-1354 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 11:55. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-114 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. רק 79% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.

אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה

12 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:

מילההגייהמשמעות
intersection שם עצם/ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/צֹמֶת
subset שם עצם/ˈsʌbˌsɛt/תת קבוצה
enclose פועל/ɪnˈkloʊz/צרף
notation שם עצם/noʊˈteɪʃən/רישום
motivate פועל/ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/דרבן
subscribe פועל/səbˈskɹaɪb/נִמְנָה
combine פועל/kəmˈbaɪn/ערבב, שילב
mathematics שם עצם/mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/מָתֵמָטִיקָה
integer שם עצם/ˈɪn.tɪ.d͡ʒə(ɹ)/שלם, מספר שלם
curly שם תואר/ˈkɝli/מתולתל, מתולתלת
tricky שם תואר/ˈtɹɪk.i/טְרִיקִי
dive פועל/daɪv/צָלַל

משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם

משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:

  • Next, let's talk about set notation.
  • Next, let's talk about subsets and complements.
  • Next, let's talk about intersection and union.
  • Next, let's talk about how to perform set operations.
  • Next, let's look at operations involving three sets.

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנהבסרטון
משפטי תנאי (Conditional sentences) if + clause, will/would + verb — תנאי ותוצאה שלוIf it does, I'd super
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולהis made · are called · can be described
משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דברobjects, which are · elements which are

הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה

הדובר משתמש ב-8 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו I'd, we're, don't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.

  • הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: intersection /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/, notation /noʊˈteɪʃən/, foundational /faʊnˈdeɪ.ʃə.nəl/
  • מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: intersection /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, foundational /faʊnˈdeɪ.ʃə.nəl/, alternatively /ɔlˈtɝ.nə.tɪv.li/

צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:

  • /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, bracket /ˈbɹækɪt/
  • /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: intersection /ˈɪntəɹˌsɛkʃən/, brace /bɹeɪs/, subscribe /səbˈskɹaɪb/, integer /ˈɪn.tɪ.d͡ʒə(ɹ)/, bracket /ˈbɹækɪt/
  • עיצור קולי בסוף מילה — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ בלי להפוך אותם לאטומים: enclose /ɪnˈkloʊz/, subscribe /səbˈskɹaɪb/, dive /daɪv/

איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה

  1. הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
  2. תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
  3. הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו intersection, subset, enclose.

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

טכניקת Shadowing: קרא את המדריך המלא שלב אחר שלב →