Shadowing Practice: [TED - Vietsub] Cách giữ bình tĩnh trước áp lực - Daniel Levitin - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Reviewer Gopalco A few years ago,

I broke into my own house.

I had just driven home, it was around midnight in the dead of Montreal winter, I'd been visiting my friend Jeff across town,

and the thermometer on the front porch read minus 40 degrees.

And don't bother asking if that's Celsius or Fahrenheit, minus 40 is where the two scales meet.

It was very cold.

And as I stood on the front porch fumbling in my pockets, I found I didn't have my keys.

In fact, I could see them through the window, lying on the dining room table where I had left them, so I quickly ran around and tried all the other doors and windows, and they were locked tight.

I thought about calling a locksmith.

At least I had my cell phone, but at midnight, it could take a while for a locksmith to show up and it was cold.

I couldn't go back to my friend Jeff's house for the night

because I had an early flight to Europe the next morning and I needed to get my passport and my suitcase.

So, desperate and freezing cold, I found a large rock and I broke through the basement window, cleared out the shards of glass,

I crawled through, I found a piece of cardboard and taped it up over the opening,

figuring that in the morning on the way to the airport I could call my contractor and ask him to fix it.

This was going to be expensive, but probably no more expensive than a middle-of-the-night locksmith, so I figured under the circumstances, I was coming out even.

Now, I'm a neuroscientist by training, and I know a little bit about how the brain performs under stress.

It releases cortisol, that raises your heart rate, it modulates adrenaline levels, and it clouds your thinking.

So the next morning, when I woke up, on too little sleep, worrying about the hole in the window

and the mental note that I had to call my contractor

and the freezing temperatures and the meetings I had upcoming in Europe, and, you know, with all the cortisol in my brain,

my thinking was cloudy, but I didn't know it was cloudy because my thinking was cloudy.

And it wasn't until I got to the airport check-in counter that I realized I didn't have my passport.

So I raced home in the snow and ice, 40 minutes, got my passport, raced back to the airport.

I made it just in time, but they had given away my seat to someone else, so I got stuck in the back of the plane next to the bathrooms, in a seat that wouldn't recline on an eight-hour flight.

Well, I had a lot of time to think during those eight hours of no sleep.

And I started wondering, are there things that I can do, systems that I can put into place that will prevent bad things from happening.

Or, at least if bad things happen, will minimize the likelihood of it being a total catastrophe.

So I started thinking about that, but my thoughts didn't crystallize until about a month later.

I was having dinner with my colleague Danny Kahneman, the Nobel Prize winner, and I somewhat embarrassedly told him about having broken my window and, you know, forgotten my passport.

And Danny shared with me that he'd been practicing something called prospective hindsight.

It's something that he had gotten from the psychologist Gary Klein, who had written about it a few years before, also called the premortem.

Now, you all know what the postmortem is.

Whenever there's a disaster, a team of experts come in and they try to figure out what went wrong, right?

Well, in the premortem, Danny explained, you look ahead and you try to figure out all the things that could go wrong,

and then you try to figure out what you can do to prevent those things from happening or to minimize the damage.

So what I want to talk to you about today are

some of the things we can do in the form of a premortem.

Some of them are obvious, some of them are not so obvious.

I'll start with the obvious ones.

Around the home, designate a place for things that are easily lost.

Now, this sounds like common sense, and it is, but there's a lot of science to back this up, based on the way our spatial memory works.

There's a structure in the brain called the hippocampus

that evolved over tens of thousands of years to keep track of the locations of important things, where the well is, where fish can be found,

that stand of fruit trees, where the friendly and enemy tribes live.

The hippocampus is the part of the brain that, in London, taxicab drivers, becomes enlarged.

It's the part of the brain that allows squirrels to find their nuts.

And if you're wondering, somebody actually did the experiment where they cut off the olfactory sense of the squirrels, and they could still find their nuts.

They weren't using smell, they were using the hippocampus, this exquisitely evolved mechanism in the brain for finding things.

But it's really good for things that don't move around much, not so good for things that move around.

So this is why we lose car keys and reading glasses and passports.

So in the home, designate a spot for your keys, a hook by the door, maybe a decorative bowl, for your passport,

a particular drawer, for your reading glasses, a particular table.

If you designate a spot and you're scrupulous about it, your things will always be there when you look for them.

What about travel?

Take a cell phone picture of your credit cards, your driver's license, your passport, mail it to yourself so it's in the cloud.

If these things are lost or stolen, you can facilitate replacement.

Now, these are some rather obvious things.

Remember, when you're under stress, the brain releases cortisol.

Cortisol is toxic and it causes cloudy thinking.

So part of the practice of the premortem is to recognize that under stress, you're not going to be at your best, and you should put systems in place.

And there's perhaps no more stressful a situation than when you're confronted with a medical decision to make.

And at some point, all of us are going to be in

that position where we have to make a very important decision about the future of our medical care

or that of a loved one to help them with the decision.

And so I want to talk about that, and I'm going to talk about a very particular medical condition.

But this stands as a proxy for all kinds of medical decision-making, and indeed for financial decision-making and social decision-making,

any kind of decision you have to make that would benefit from a rational assessment of the facts.

So, suppose you go to your doctor and the doctor says, I just got your lab work back.

Your cholesterol is a little high." Now, you all know that high cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease,

heart attacks, stroke.

And so you're thinking having high cholesterol isn't the best thing.

And so the doctor says, you know, I'd like to give you a drug that'll help you lower your cholesterol, a statin.

And you've probably heard of statins.

You know that they're among the most widely prescribed drugs in the world today.

You probably even know people who take them.

and you're thinking, yeah, give me the statin.

But there's a question you should ask at this point, a statistic you should ask for, that most doctors don't like talking about,

and pharmaceutical companies like talking about even less.

It's for the number needed to treat.

Now, what is this, the NNT?

It's the number of people that need to take a drug

or undergo a surgery or any medical procedure before one person is helped.

And you're thinking, what kind of crazy statistic is that?

The number should be one.

My doctor wouldn't prescribe something to me if it's not going to help.

But actually, medical practice doesn't work that way.

And it's not the doctor's fault.

If it's anybody's fault, it's the fault of scientists like me.

We haven't figured out the underlying mechanisms well enough.

But GlaxoSmithKline estimates that 90 percent of the drugs work in only 30 to 50 percent of the people.

So the number needed to treat for the most widely prescribed statin, what do you suppose it is?

How many people have to take it before one person's helped?

Three hundred.

This is according to research by research practitioners Jerome Gruppen and Pamela Hartzband, independently confirmed by Bloomberg.com.

I ran through the numbers myself.

Three hundred people have to take the drug for a year before one heart attack, stroke or other adverse event is prevented.

Now, you're probably thinking, well, OK, one in three hundred chance of lowering my cholesterol.

Why not, doc?

100

Give me the prescription anyway.

101

But you should ask at this point for another statistic, and that is, tell me about the side effects, right?

102

So for this particular drug, the side effects occur in 5 percent of the patients.

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And they include terrible things, debilitating muscle and joint pain, gastrointestinal distress.

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But now you're thinking, well, 5 percent, not very likely it's going to happen to me, I'll still take the drug.

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But wait a minute.

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Remember, under stress, we're not thinking clearly, so think about how you're going to work through this ahead of time to manufacture the chain of reasoning on the spot.

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Three hundred people take the drug, right?

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One person's helped.

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Five percent of those three hundred have side effects.

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That's fifteen people.

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You're fifteen times more likely to be harmed by the drug than you are to be helped by the drug.

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Now, I'm not saying whether you should take the statin or not.

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I'm just saying you should have this conversation with your doctor.

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Medical ethics requires it.

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It's part of the principle of informed consent.

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You have the right to have access to this kind of information

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to begin the conversation about whether you want to take the risks or not.

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Now, you might be thinking, I've pulled this number out of the air for shock value.

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it's rather typical, this number needed to treat.

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For the most widely performed surgery on men over the age of 50, removal of the prostate for cancer, the number needed to treat is 49.

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That's right, 49 surgeries are done for every one person who's helped.

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And the side effects in that case occur in 50% of the patients.

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They include impotence, erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, rectal tearing, fecal incontinence.

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And if you're lucky, and you're one of the 50 percent who has these, they'll only last for a year or two.

125

So, the idea of the premortem is to think ahead of time to the questions

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that you might be able to ask that will push the conversation forward.

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You don't want to have to manufacture all of this on the spot.

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And you also want to think about things like quality of life, because you have a choice oftentimes.

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Do I want a shorter life that's pain-free, or a longer life that might have a great deal of pain towards the end?

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These are things to talk about and think about now with your family and your loved ones.

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You might change your mind in the heat of the moment, but at least you're practiced with this kind of thinking.

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Remember, our brain, under stress, releases cortisol.

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And one of the things that happens at that moment is a whole bunch of systems shut down.

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There's an evolutionary reason for this.

135

Face to face with a predator, you don't need your digestive system or your libido or your immune system,

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Because if your body is expending metabolism on those things and you don't react quickly, you might become the lion's lunch, and then none of those things matter.

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Unfortunately, one of the things that goes out the window during those times of stress is rational, logical thinking, as Danny Kahneman and his colleagues have shown.

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So we need to train ourselves to think ahead to these kinds of situations.

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I think the important point here is recognizing that all of us are flawed.

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We all are going to fail now and then.

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The idea is to think ahead to what those failures might be, to put systems in place that will help minimize the damage,

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or to prevent the bad things from happening in the first place.

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Getting back to that snowy night in Montreal, when I got back from my trip, I had my contractor install a combination lock next to the door with a key to the front door in it,

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an easy-to-remember combination.

145

And I have to admit, I still have piles of mail that haven't been sorted and piles of emails that I haven't gone through.

146

So I'm not completely organized, but I see organization as a gradual process, and I'm getting there.

147

Thank you very much.

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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה

שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “[TED - Vietsub] Cách giữ bình tĩnh trước áp lực - Daniel Levitin”. בסרטון הזה יש 147 משפטים ו-2215 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 12:15. הדובר מדבר מהר, כ-181 מילים בדקה, אז צפו לצלילים מחוברים ומקוצרים. 83% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.

אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה

15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:

מילה	הגייה	משמעות
passport שם עצם	/ˈpæspɔɹt/	דַּרְכּוֹן
cloudy שם תואר	/ˈklaʊ̯diː/	מעונן
locksmith שם עצם	/ˈlɑksmɪθ/	מַנְעוּלָן
contractor שם עצם	/ˈkɒnˌtɹæk.tə(ɹ)/	קבלן בניין \ קַבְּלַן בִּנְיָן
squirrel שם עצם	/ˈskwɪ.ɹ(ə)l/	סנאי
porch שם עצם	/pɔɹt͡ʃ/	מִרְפֶּסֶת
colleague שם עצם	/ˈkɒliːɡ/	עָמִית, עמיתה
minus	/ˈmaɪ.nəs/	פחות, מינוס
enlarge פועל	/ɪnˈlɑɹd͡ʒ/	הִגְדִּיל
libido שם עצם	/lɪˈbiː.dəʊ/	תשוקה, לִיבִּידוֹ
rectal שם תואר	/ˈrɛk.təl/	רקטלי
thermometer שם עצם	/θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/	מדחום, מַדְחֹם
adrenaline שם עצם	/əˈdɹɛnəlɪn/	אדרנלין, אפינפרין
suitcase שם עצם	/ˈsutkeɪs/	מזוודה \ מִזְוָדָה
catastrophe שם עצם	/kəˈtæstɹəfi/	קָטַסְטְרוֹפָה, אָסוֹן

Phrasal verbs שתשמעו

מילה	הגייה	משמעות
figure out פועל		הֵבִין, מצא תשובה
come out פועל	/ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/	יָצָא
go out פועל		יָצָא

משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם

משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:

I'll start with the obvious ones.
Remember, when you're under stress, the brain releases cortisol.
We haven't figured out the underlying mechanisms well enough.

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנה	בסרטון
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה	were locked · are easily lost · can be found
הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו	you've probably heard · haven't figured · I've pulled

הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה

הדובר משתמש ב-52 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו you're, don't, I'm. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.

הצלילים של “th”: locksmith /ˈlɑksmɪθ/, thermometer /θɚˈmɑ.mɪ.tɚ/
הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, dysfunction /dɪsˈfʌŋk.ʃən/, practitioner /pɹækˈtɪʃənəɹ/, spatial /ˈspeɪ.ʃəl/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/
מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: cholesterol /kəˈlɛstəɹɒl/, hippocampus /ˌhɪpə(ʊ)ˈkæm.pəs/, debilitate /dəˈbɪləteɪt/, gastrointestinal /ˌɡæstɹoʊɪnˈtɛstɪnəl/, olfactory /ɑlˈfæk.təɹ.i/

צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:

/æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: passport /ˈpæspɔɹt/, statin /ˈstætɪn/, hippocampus /ˌhɪpə(ʊ)ˈkæm.pəs/, contractor /ˈkɒnˌtɹæk.tə(ɹ)/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/
/r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: passport /ˈpæspɔɹt/, cortisol /ˈkoɹ.tɪˌsɔl/, cholesterol /kəˈlɛstəɹɒl/, prescribe /pɹɪˈskɹaɪb/, contractor /ˈkɒnˌtɹæk.tə(ɹ)/
עיצור קולי בסוף מילה — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ בלי להפוך אותם לאטומים: prescribe /pɹɪˈskɹaɪb/, minimize /ˈmɪn.ɪˌmaɪz/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, colleague /ˈkɒliːɡ/, crystallize /ˈkɹɪstəlaɪz/

איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה

הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו passport, cloudy, locksmith.

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

טכניקת Shadowing: קרא את המדריך המלא שלב אחר שלב →

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