Shadowing Practice: What it's like to have schizophrenia - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
150 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
1
what is it like to have schizophrenia the experience of schizophrenia is not one
2
that most people will easily understand it's not like depression
3
or most of the symptoms like insomnia
4
or fatigue will be instantly familiar to most people with schizophrenia the most prominent symptoms of the disorder,
5
the delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts don't have any direct parallels in our own lives.
6
Because of this, schizophrenia is hard to understand, leading to misinformation, misconceptions, and misdiagnoses.
7
To improve our understanding of this disease, we need to do much more than simply memorize lists of symptoms instead
8
we need to learn the underlying mechanisms of schizophrenia so
9
that we can better recognize it
10
when we see it in our patients some have hypothesized
11
that the core deficit in schizophrenia involves the concept of salience salience is the interestingness of information
12
or how important we perceive that information to be we give salient items more attention
13
and are more likely to act upon them.
14
If I were to tell you 10 random numbers,
15
say 1558378290, but not tell you anything about them,
16
you probably wouldn't find them particularly salient.
17
Without that salience, they will likely drop from your attention and quickly be forgotten.
18
However, if I told you that these numbers are from tomorrow's winning lottery ticket and that there's still time to enter,
19
then suddenly they become very interesting indeed.
20
By telling you this, I have increased the salience of the information.
21
The numbers themselves have not changed at all, only their salience has changed.
22
On a biological level, the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a key role in the process of salience.
23
When information is found to be salient, your brain releases dopamine.
24
This rush of dopamine makes you pay more attention to the information and motivates you to act upon it.
25
We can manipulate the salience of information by tying it to some kind of a reward.
26
Take the ticker on the New York Stock Exchange as an example.
27
Someone who is unfamiliar with the financial system would likely find the constant stream of letters
28
and numbers to be meaningless or random.
29
For stockbrokers, however,
30
the ticker is incredibly salient because stockbrokers believe that these letters and numbers will potentially allow them to make millions of dollars.
31
This information has been made salient by connecting it to the possibility of a reward.
32
Information can also be made salient by linking it to a negative outcome.
33
For example, For example, public safety experts trying to encourage helmet use will often use
34
grisly footage of motorcycle accidents as a way of getting your attention.
35
A video like this is disturbing on a visceral level, yet it is also effective at increasing the salience of their message
36
and motivating people to act differently so they can avoid a similar outcome.
37
our brains use salience to filter incoming information
38
we take in an enormous amount of information every day within
39
30 minutes of waking up most of us have already read the news check the weather forecast browse social media
40
and listen to music if we gave our full attention to all of these things, we would quickly become overwhelmed and incapacitated.
41
Instead, we quickly move on from information that has no direct relevance to us.
42
From this morning's information, your brain might interpret only the weather report as salient,
43
as forgetting to bring an umbrella will leave you cold, wet, and miserable.
44
The other information is found to have no particular significance, so it is filtered out and quickly forgotten.
45
This is a complex process, yet our brains do it instantly, automatically, and unconsciously, thousands of times per day.
46
So how does this relate to schizophrenia?
47
People with schizophrenia are believed to be in a state of aberrant salience, characterized by excessive and illogical release of dopamine.
48
When dopamine is flowing in this way, salience is assigned to every bit of new information without any clear connection to rewards or punishments.
49
It would be like suddenly entering a world where every letter and number had the potential to make you a million dollars,
50
or where every decision had the life -or -death consequences of a motorcycle accident.
51
People in the early stages of schizophrenia describe being in a state like this.
52
They say things like, My senses were sharpened.
53
I developed a greater awareness of the world and became fascinated by the little insignificant things around me.
54
Sights and sounds possessed a keenness that I had never experienced before.
55
It was as if parts of my brain awoke which had been dormant.
56
My senses seemed alive.
57
Things seemed clear -cut.
58
I noticed things I had never noticed before.
59
I felt that there was some overwhelming significance in this.
60
I felt like I was putting a piece of the puzzle together.
61
This makes life initially quite vivid and dramatic for someone in a state of aberrant salience,
62
yet it rapidly becomes a confusing and unbearable way to live.
63
Normally, we can figure out why our brain is telling us that something is important.
64
We know that paying attention to the weather forecast will help us to avoid having a bad day.
65
However, someone in a state of aberrant salience will perceive a sense
66
of overwhelming significance in all of their experiences without being able to understand why.
67
Why me, they ask.
68
Why now?
69
Why does this all seem so important?
70
To make sense out of this experience,
71
people with schizophrenia will begin to develop explanations for why each piece of information suddenly feels so important, so relevant.
72
so personally significant.
73
If they watch the news in this state of heightened salience, they might come to believe
74
that the president must be using their State of the Union address to communicate a special coded message meant only for them.
75
When listening to music, they may get the feeling
76
that there must be a reason why that particular song came on the radio at that exact moment.
77
On the internet, any random stimulus, say, a pop -up ad about a new brand of lotion,
78
may seem so special and compelling that it must somehow be the key to saving the world.
79
To everyone else, these ideas sound, frankly, psychotic.
80
For a person in a state of aberrant salience, however, these delusions of reference help them to make sense out of a senseless mental environment,
81
where everything, everywhere, seems to have some life -changing importance.
82
If delusions develop when excessive salience is given to external stimuli, then what happens when salience is given to internally generated information?
83
After all, everyone has an internal stream of consciousness that we generally recognize as being our own.
84
In a state of aberrant salience, however, these thoughts can seem important to the point where they are
85
given the same level of priority as a voice coming from outside your head.
86
This is thought to be the mechanism for the auditory hallucinations that people with schizophrenia experience.
87
It is as if the volume of these internal thoughts has been turned up
88
so far that they grab your attention in the same way as hearing your name yelled from across the room.
89
Aberrant salience can also explain the profound thought disorganization that is another hallmark of schizophrenia.
90
People with schizophrenia often have difficulty understanding even seemingly simple concepts and ideas.
91
They may hear the same information over and over again, but show no sign of actually comprehending it.
92
They can respond to their environment in ways that make little sense to an outside observer.
93
This disorganization of thoughts, speech,
94
and behavior makes more sense when you consider that aberrant salience leaves people in a state of perpetual information overload.
95
When the filter of salience breaks, you become constantly bombarded by new information every second of the day,
96
with no way of making sense of it all.
97
It would be like trying to watch dozens of tv shows
98
all at the same time in this state of confusion it is no wonder
99
that people with schizophrenia can appear so bewildered and distracted by even simple concepts
100
they say that the value of a theory lies in how well it is able to explain what we observe
101
and aberrant salience appears to pass this test
102
it provides a framework for answering many of the questions we have had about schizophrenia for centuries.
103
For example, we have long wondered why the content of delusions in schizophrenia varies so drastically from culture to culture.
104
Someone in a modern city is more likely to believe
105
that satellite waves are broadcasting their thoughts than someone from a rural area who is more likely to say
106
that their thoughts are being stolen by a neighbor's curse.
107
Yet, if schizophrenia is an illness with a biological basis, shouldn't the symptoms be similar across cultures?
108
The concept of aberrant salience bridges this gap by arguing
109
that delusions are normal psychological constructs generated by a person in an abnormal biological state.
110
If delusions are psychological constructs, it makes sense that they would draw upon that person's own unique experiences and cultural values,
111
even if the underlying biological abnormality is the same.
112
the concept of aberrant salience can inform not only our understanding of schizophrenia
113
but also how we treat it
114
if aberrant salience is associated with excess dopamine
115
then using medications to block dopamine should reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia
116
this appears to be true all of the drugs prescribed for schizophrenia known as antipsychotic medications block dopamine receptors to some degree.
117
This creates a state of dampened salience where information lacks the power to capture attention that it once had,
118
leading to reductions in symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorganization.
119
However, this comes at a cost.
120
Like many medications, antipsychotics are nonspecific in their actions.
121
They cause a global dampening of salience for all information that the brain processes not just information related to psychosis
122
when preparing for their day a person taking antipsychotic medications would
123
avoid assigning salience to irrelevant stimuli such as pop -up ads or a song on the radio this is an improvement
124
however they also would have difficulty assigning salience even to relevant information like the weather report, and may then forget to bring their umbrella.
125
This shows both the power and the limitations of using antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.
126
They reverse the excess of dopamine driving a state of aberrant salience,
127
but in doing so they can interfere with the normal functioning of salience as well.
128
Understanding the concept of aberrant salience can be illuminating for people trying to learn about schizophrenia however
129
it is not without its limitations
130
it does a much better job of explaining the dramatic positive symptoms of schizophrenia like delusions hallucinations
131
and thought disorganization than it does explaining the negative symptoms like flat emotions inability to feel pleasure
132
and difficulty forming relationships that are often more impairing for people with schizophrenia.
133
The concept of aberrant salience is also silent on the question of why some people develop schizophrenia while others do not.
134
It only explains what happens once an episode of psychosis has already begun.
135
It is likely that no single theory will explain a disease as complex as schizophrenia.
136
There are, without a doubt, multiple mechanisms to be discovered.
137
What is it like to have schizophrenia?
138
Schizophrenia is so much more than just a list of symptoms.
139
The concept of aberrant salience gives us a better glimpse into the complex and multifaceted lives of our patients.
140
It allows us to see that people with schizophrenia are not some alien other that we will never understand.
141
Rather, it shows us that the symptoms of schizophrenia are rooted in thought processes that every human being can understand and relate to.
142
It underscores the shared humanity we have, even with people who act and speak in ways that we cannot comprehend.
143
We are ultimately more alike than we are different.
144
If more people understood this, perhaps there would be less of the fear and stigma that has dominated the discussion about schizophrenia for so long.
145
Hi everyone, I hope you gained something from this latest video.
146
I strongly encourage anyone with an interest in schizophrenia, or mental health in general, to read the paper that inspired this talk.
147
I'll put the link down in the description.
148
As always, if you have any thoughts on this video, or suggestions for future content, let me know.
149
You can also check out my other videos on YouTube or my book
150
Memorable Psychopharmacology on Amazon. on.
הורד אפליקציה
כל מה שאתה צריך כדי לדבר בשטף
הגיית AIציון לכל משפט
תרגול IPAשלוט בכל צליל
אוצר מיליםבנה את מאגר המילים שלך
משחק אוצר מיליםלמד תוך כדי משחק
FOR YOU
המלץ על סרטון
C1120
23 משפטים
Happy Brain Chemicals: dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, endorphin
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
66 משפטים
I study demonic possession dreams. Here’s what we’ve found. | Patrick McNamara
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
754 משפטים
Stanford's Sapolsky On Depression in U.S. (Full Lecture)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B26
35 משפטים
What is Inattentional Blindness? (Easiest Explanation)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C172 משפטים
MRI-Negative Epilepsy
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
189 משפטים
Psychology of People With Extremely High IQ
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C14
26 משפטים
What is a SCARCITY MINDSET? | Signs of Scarcity Mindset Explained
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
56 משפטים
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Explained Clearly (OCD)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
66 משפטים
The famous tree-falling thought experiment has a new answer | Lisa Feldman Barrett
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B2104 משפטים
What Don't You Understand? - A Short Film about ADHD
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
206 משפטים
Anxiety, Stress, Loneliness & Depression Cured In 9 Weeks? | Dr. Sahar Yousef | Raj Shamani Clips
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
159 משפטים
Meet Your Master - Getting to Know Your Brain: Crash Course Psychology #4
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “What it's like to have schizophrenia”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: salience, schizophrenia, aberrant, symptoms, dopamine. בסרטון הזה יש 150 משפטים ו-2078 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 15:07. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-138 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. רק 79% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| schizophrenia שם עצם | /ˌskɪtsəˈfɹiniə/ | סְכִיזוֹפְרֶנְיָה, שַׁסַּעַת |
| symptom שם עצם | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | תַּסְמִין, סִימְפּטוֹם |
| dopamine שם עצם | /ˈdoʊ.pəˌmin/ | דּוֹפָּמִין |
| delusion שם עצם | /dɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/ | הטעיה, אשליה |
| hallucination שם עצם | /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/ | הזיה |
| motivate פועל | /ˈmoʊ.tɪ.veɪt/ | דרבן |
| umbrella שם עצם | /ʌmˈbɹɛl.ə/ | מִטְרִיָּה, שמשייה |
| construct פועל | /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/ | הרכיב |
| motorcycle שם עצם | /ˈmoʊtɚˌsaɪkəl/ | אוֹפַנּוֹעַ |
| forecast שם עצם | /ˈfɔːkɑːst/ | תַּחֲזִית |
| auditory שם תואר | /ˈɔː.dɪˌtɔɹ.i/ | קולי class קול/קוליים |
| illogical שם תואר | /ɪˈlɒ.dʒɪ.kəl/ | חסר היגיון |
| insomnia שם עצם | /ɪnˈsɒmniə/ | נְדוּדֵי שֵׁנָה |
| memorize פועל | /ˈmɛm.əˌɹaɪ̯z/ | שִׁנֵּן |
| misinformation שם עצם | /ˌmɪs.ɪn.fɚˈmeɪ.ʃən/ | מידע שגוי |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| check out פועל | בדק | |
| figure out פועל | הֵבִין, מצא תשובה | |
| wake up פועל | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | התעורר |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | be forgotten · is found · has been made |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | have hypothesized · have increased · have not changed |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | Someone who is · people who act |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-4 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו don't, I'll, shouldn't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: delusion /dɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, disorganization /dɪˌsoɹɡəˌnaɪˈzeɪʃən/, hallucination /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/, lotion /ˈloʊʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: schizophrenia /ˌskɪtsəˈfɹiniə/, disorganization /dɪˌsoɹɡəˌnaɪˈzeɪʃən/, hallucination /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/, motorcycle /ˈmoʊtɚˌsaɪkəl/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: overwhelm /ˌoʊ.vɚˈwɛlm/, bewilder /bɪˈwɪldɚ/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: dampen /ˈdæmpən/, abnormality /ˌæbˌnɔɹˈmæl.ət.i/, fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/, incapacitate /ˌɪn.kəˈpæ.sɪ.teɪt/, multifaceted /ˌmʌl.tiˈfæ.sə.tɪd/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: schizophrenia /ˌskɪtsəˈfɹiniə/, aberrant /əˈbɛɹ.ənt/, disorganization /dɪˌsoɹɡəˌnaɪˈzeɪʃən/, ticker /ˈtɪkə(ɹ)/, comprehend /ˌkɑmpɹɪˈhɛnd/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו schizophrenia, symptom, dopamine.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.