Shadowing Practice: Why we can't stop scrolling. - Learn English Speaking with Video
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193 משפטים
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Why can't we stop scrolling?
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We all struggle with it.
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We're scrolling in bed or at work or when we're around our friends and family.
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No matter where we are, we bring our phones with us, and when our phones are with us, eventually we end up scrolling.
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In my case, I know that I do it sometimes without even thinking about it.
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And many of us want to stop.
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So why can't we stop even when we know it isn't good for us?
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The internet is full of people who say that they have the answers, but I think it's actually more complicated than most of us want to admit, We need to start with the way that our devices actually exploit our anxiety.
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Let's say that you receive a notification on your phone.
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Before you look at your phone, all you know is that your phone is saying, hey, there's something you need to pay attention to.
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It's at least important enough that you
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or the designer of some app thought it was worth interrupting your day to tell you about it.
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But you don't know if it's good or bad news.
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It could be a notification from your bank saying that you just got paid, or it could be a message from your mom saying that your grandfather died.
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you check, you just don't know.
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What's happening here, I think, is that our phones are adding a little bit of uncertainty into our lives.
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And the only way to get rid of
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that uncertainty is to actually pick up your phone and see what the notification was about.
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And when we encounter that kind of uncertainty, for many of us, the response is anxiety.
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Then most of the time, you pick up your phone, you check it, and you realize it was nothing important.
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Hopefully, you put your phone down and you move on with your day.
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Now repeat that hundreds of times per day.
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If you're not really careful about how you set up your notifications, this is what your life is like.
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All throughout your day, you're getting notified, it adds a little bit of uncertainty, and it adds anxiety into your life.
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And eventually, you start to preemptively check your phone.
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You don't even have to wait to be notified.
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So you refresh your email or your timeline, and what you're doing is just making sure that you didn't miss something.
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So your phone is exploiting your anxiety to grab your attention, but there is mounting evidence that suggests that the longer you use your phone, the more anxious you become.
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In her latest book, Generations, Jean Twenge actually outlines the evidence for the thesis that smartphones
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and social media use are responsible for the degradation of mental health.
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The percentage of young people who are dissatisfied with themselves or with the world around them has risen dramatically since 2012.
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It's gone from about 12% to 22%.
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That's nearly double.
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The current younger generation is more likely to say
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that they don't enjoy life and that they don't view themselves as useful to the world.
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And by the way, most of the data that Twenge is citing is actually from before COVID-19.
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So Twini puts forward the idea that it's actually the phones and social media that are causing this degradation in mental health.
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It correlates really nicely.
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Obviously, correlation is not causation.
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And so she goes through alternative hypotheses and argues
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that none of them are as strong of an explanation as the increase in phone and social media use.
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If you want all of those details, I would suggest that you check out her book.
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You should look for the chapter specifically on Gen Z.
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The claim is not that social media is exclusively responsible for a rise in anxiety or other mental health conditions.
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It's that it's playing a very strong causal role.
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From my own experience, I know that I feel anxiety about not having my phone with me.
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I feel anxiety about not checking my phone, especially when I'm waiting for some kind of news.
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Despite the fact that checking your phone isn't going to make that email come any sooner, I still find myself grabbing it and checking it
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if I'm not really careful and disciplined about where I put my phone or how I let myself use it.
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This is why I take fairly drastic steps with my phone.
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I don't have YouTube on my phone.
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I don't have other forms of social media on my phone.
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It's not because I hate all of those things.
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After all, I am a YouTuber.
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Instead, it's me recognizing that I'm so bad at regulating my own behavior that I have to remove the temptations completely.
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Eventually I'd like to get to a point where I don't even have email on my phone, but I'm not there yet.
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Now if what I'm saying is right, then we're actually going to get trapped into a vicious cycle.
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Your phone exploits your anxiety to grab your attention throughout the day.
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But then using your phone
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and using social media more will actually lead to an increase your overall anxiety levels
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so then when your phone sends you a notification and causes
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that little spike of anxiety well you're already more prone to anxiety
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and it's going to be harder for you to resist the temptation the anxious pool of social media
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and your phones and notifications gets even stronger
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but once we're on our phones we tend to just start mindlessly scrolling
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and i think when people talk about their phone use or their worries about their attention spans
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this is one of the things they most have in mind.
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They're worried that they spend too much time scrolling and they don't get anything from it.
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And the common explanation that's given, especially on the internet, is that this comes down to a dopamine addiction.
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Many people like to say that we are addicted to our phones for two reasons.
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One, checking your phone, checking social media provides you with a boost or a little hit of dopamine.
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And two, we are actually addicted to dopamine.
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This is all very vague, but that's That's basically the level of popular explanation that you'll find on places like YouTube.
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Because our phones are such easy ways to get small amounts of dopamine, we keep returning to them over and over again.
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And when you add uncertainty into the mix and a bit of randomness, it makes the pull even stronger.
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Since in general we don't like to be bored, whenever we feel just a little bit of boredom,
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we feel that temptation to pick up our phone and start scrolling because maybe we'll find something fun on the screen.
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It's often true that you will find something that you'd like to give your attention to,
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Because we live in these perfectly tailored algorithmic environments where really complex systems are specialized in giving you the content
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that you want to see.
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If you continue this line of thought, they say that because we're addicted to dopamine, our phones are going to take up more and more of our time.
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Our screen time is going to continue to go up.
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If you think that dopamine addiction is part of the problem, well, you might be interested in something like dopamine fasting.
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The idea is that we need to reset our dopamine levels.
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If we reset our dopamine levels, people say we'll be able to resist the temptation of easy pleasures like our phone.
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The dopamine fasting trend is everywhere, while I do think it's starting to die off, it was all over YouTube for a very long time,
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and there were even a lot of people in Silicon Valley who were heavily invested in the idea.
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In the most extreme versions, practitioners of dopamine fasting go beyond turning off their phones, they'll avoid busy streets because that's a source of stimulation, or they won't even eat delicious food.
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They're doing anything that provides them pleasure or mental stimulation.
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But one Silicon Valley psychiatrist and startup investor, Cameron Seppa, uses dopamine fasting in his practice with many tech workers and entrepreneurs.
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There's one major problem with all of this though, and that's that dopamine fasting is fake.
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A dopamine fast does not actually reset your dopamine levels.
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I think what we have here is a pseudo-scientific explanation for a real problem.
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Seppa actually admits this in an interview with the New York Times.
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He says that a better name for this would just be a stimulation fast.
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If you understand it that way, it makes a little bit more sense.
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The idea that you can be habituated to do certain things and that in order to break that habit, you need to abstain from those things isn't a new idea.
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In fact, you can find it all the way back in ancient Greek philosophy, like in Aristotle.
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If you read Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, one of the key points that he makes about pleasure is
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that what we take pleasure in is actually a matter of habit.
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You can actually train yourself to like certain things.
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This means that when you repeat certain behaviors, you are training yourself to take pleasure from it, and you'll be more likely to do those things in the future.
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By using our phones over and over again, by turning them into our default sources of entertainment, we are training ourselves to take more and more pleasure from using our phones.
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And while none of that amounts to us being addicted to our phones, it at least helps us make sense of why we keep going back to our phones all the time.
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And one thing that I think gets left out of all of the explanations
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when we're talking about infinite scrolling or smartphone addiction
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or whatever buzzword we want to choose is that using your phone is actually fun.
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Watching YouTube videos or chatting with your friends
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or just checking out what people are doing on TikTok is a kind of pleasure.
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And people like to do stuff that's fun.
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I think that has to be part of the explanation.
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We can't stop scrolling because, well, we enjoy it.
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This explanation I think makes more sense and doesn't have to appeal to anything like dopamine levels or dopamine addiction.
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It's just that we like to do things that feel good, scrolling on our phones at least most of the time feels good.
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And so we keep doing it.
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Dopamine doesn't even have to factor into the explanation.
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But I think there's at least one more piece of the puzzle.
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Because many of us don't spend all of our time just consuming content that makes us happy.
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We spend our time being mad online.
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In 2017, Facebook made a major change to their algorithm.
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They had added these emotional reactions to posts instead of just a generic like,
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and they decided that they were going to prioritize those emotional reactions over just liking something.
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At one point, I think they were weighting it about five times as heavily as a like.
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This included the angry reaction.
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Part of their hypothesis was that content that made users angry would actually keep them on the platform longer.
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And they were right.
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were actually engaging more with content that was making them angry.
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Later on, a team of researchers from the University of Maryland found
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that posts that had a strong negative valence were significantly more likely to be shared on Facebook than posts
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that were positive or even neutral.
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Because of algorithmic tweaks and some basic facts about human psychology, Facebook became a much angrier place, and they are not the only platform that does this.
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If you watch content that is making you angry on YouTube, pretty soon all of your recommendations will be content that is designed to make you angry.
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Pretty sure the same could be said for Twitter and for TikTok.
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I know as someone who makes YouTube videos that if I have a slightly or even very negative title, the video will just automatically do a lot better.
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Every writer, YouTuber, content creator on the internet knows that this is true.
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Anger generates clicks, and clicks generate dollars.
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This tells us something important about what we want.
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Not what we say we want, but what our behavior reveals about our actual preferences.
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What we want is to be angry.
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We like being angry.
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The Roman philosopher Seneca actually compares anger to a kind of madness.
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He says that it distorts our thinking, it seriously undermines our self-control, and all we want to do when we're angry is make someone feel the pain that we feel.
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And he says that the best way to master anger is to not let yourself get angry in the first place.
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become angry, you've already lost.
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And that just sounds a lot like what we do on the Internet.
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Just like looking at our phones all the time makes us more anxious.
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Looking at content that makes us angry, makes us angrier people.
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And as we grow angrier, we lose self-control.
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The internet thrives on drama.
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You can become famous by picking a fight with someone who's more famous than you.
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When you create a controversy, you're actually able to gain two audiences at once.
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You're able to find people who like you and agree with you and think that the other side is evil, but you're also going to get viewed by a lot of people who hate you.
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Think about how many people watch Ben Shapiro.
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I have a suspicion that about 50% of the views on a Ben Shapiro video are from people who hate Ben Shapiro.
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But guess what?
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Advertisers don't care if you are watching something or hate watching it.
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They just care that you're watching it.
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So when you make content that makes people angry, you make a lot of money.
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So maybe it's an addiction to stimulation or this weird looping effect about anxiety, or just the fact that we like to be angry and anger keeps us glued to our screen.
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All of that is part of the explanation, and what this leads to is a kind of complacency.
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As I was writing the script for this video, I ended up stumbling on this video from Technology Connections about algorithms and how they've changed the way that we think.
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In that video, he coined the term algorithmic complacency, which I think is such a great term for what's going on.
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It's a good video.
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You should go watch it.
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You see, increasingly, we are offloading our responsibility onto machines.
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We've come to be reliant on a variety of technologies, and one of the things that happens when we become reliant is that we let certain skills atrophy.
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Some of those skills have to do with how we problem solve, that was the focus of the technology connections video, but some of those also have to do with how we have fun.
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We've come to view our phones as the place we go to in order to be entertained.
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Our phone is essentially a kind of entertainment tool.
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And tools are great.
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Human beings have been using tools for centuries.
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Millennia?
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I think millennia is a better way to put that.
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And to say that we should stop using tools in general or to never use phones again, I think would be way too extreme.
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But we have to keep in mind that when we start using a tool, we don't just gain something, we also lose something.
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If you grew up using a calculator, you were probably able to get your math homework done a lot quicker.
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But it's also true that you probably didn't develop the skills of doing multiplication, even addition or subtraction, division in your head.
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You became reliant on your calculator
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and thus it might be a little bit harder for you to calculate change when you're at the supermarket.
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We clearly benefit from using calculators, but we also lose something, the ability to do quick and simple math.
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The same could be said for our phones.
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Phones are these low effort tools that provide us with quick
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and easy access to information and quick and easy access to entertainment.
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A designer of a phone or an app on your phone is trying to make it effortless, frictionless.
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They want it to be easy to use so that you never have to think twice.
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But But the risk is that our phones are too frictionless.
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We never have to think too hard about using them, and so sometimes we don't think at all.
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The result is that we become complacent.
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We're giving up our responsibility and our agency to our phones.
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Another way of putting it is that we have become dependent on our phones.
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We're dependent on them for pleasure and for entertainment, but also for access to information and for problem solving.
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really we are dependent on them for maybe the majority of our daily activities.
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And if we're so dependent on this piece of technology for so many activities in our lives, then it's not really a surprise that we can't stop scrolling.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה B2 מבוסס על הסרטון “Why we can't stop scrolling”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: dopamine, angry, anxiety. בסרטון הזה יש 193 משפטים ו-2892 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 13:44. הדובר מדבר מהר, כ-211 מילים בדקה, אז צפו לצלילים מחוברים ומקוצרים. 85% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| dopamine שם עצם | /ˈdoʊ.pəˌmin/ | דּוֹפָּמִין |
| scroll שם עצם | /skɹoʊl/ | מגילה, מְגִלָּה |
| notification שם עצם | /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/ | הוֹדָעָה |
| addiction שם עצם | /əˈdɪkˌʃən/ | הִתְמַכְּרוּת |
| addict שם עצם | /ˈæd.ɪkt/ | מָכוּר |
| temptation שם עצם | /ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/ | פיתוי |
| calculator שם עצם | /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/ | מַחְשְׁבוֹן, מונה |
| reset פועל | /ɹiːˈsɛt/ | אפס |
| anxious שם תואר | /ˈæŋkʃəs/ | חָרֵד |
| millennium שם עצם | /mɪˈlɛnɪəm/ | מִילֶניוּם |
| hypothesis שם עצם | /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/ | הִיפּוֹתֵזָה, הַשְׁעָרָה |
| algorithm שם עצם | /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/ | אַלגוֹרִיתְם |
| smartphone שם עצם | /ˈsmɑɹtfoʊn/ | סמארטפון, טלפון חכם |
| mathematics שם עצם | /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ | מָתֵמָטִיקָה |
| resist פועל | /ɹɪˈzɪst/ | התנגד, עמד ב־ |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| pick up פועל | הרים, אסף |
| check out פועל | בדק |
| give up פועל | וִתֵּר |
| go up פועל | עָלָה |
| grow up פועל | גָּדַל |
| turn off פועל | כיבה, כִּבָּה |
משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם
משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:
- Why can't we stop scrolling?
- You don't even have to wait to be notified.
- It's not because I hate all of those things.
- We can't stop scrolling because, well, we enjoy it.
- They just care that you're watching it.
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | be notified · are addicted · are actually addicted |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | has risen · you've already lost · they've changed |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | people who say · people who are · someone who makes |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-63 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו don't, we're, you're. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: algorithmic /ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, thrive /θɹajv/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: notification /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, addiction /əˈdɪkˌʃən/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, temptation /ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/, anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: notification /ˌnoʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, stimulation /stɪm.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, algorithmic /ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/, calculator /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: addict /ˈæd.ɪkt/, algorithmic /ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/, calculator /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/, anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: scroll /skɹoʊl/, algorithmic /ˌælɡəˈɹɪðmɪk/, reset /ɹiːˈsɛt/, degradation /ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/, algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/
- עיצור קולי בסוף מילה — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ בלי להפוך אותם לאטומים: dissatisfied /dɪsˈsætɪsˌfaɪd/, offload /ˌɑfˈloʊd/, prioritize /pɹaɪˈɒɹ.ə.taɪz/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, thrive /θɹajv/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו dopamine, scroll, notification.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.