シャドーイング練習: AI can do your homework. Now what? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

if you were watching the Web traffic to ChatGPT, since it was released by OpenAI, you would have seen the visits peak in April and then start dipping down.

Some people thought maybe AI-generated text was just a fad after all.

But now it seems like maybe that was just summer break.

I was not prepared for the amount of students that were using it. It felt like a cheat code, right?

About 60% said that they use ChatGPT.

91% have at least tried ChatGPT.

It's a high number.

After the headlines said students were using it to cheat, I used it to cheat.

Pieces of writing that are grammatically perfect.

Everything was capitalized correctly.

And if I was in their shoes, There was a way that I could do my schoolwork, like, quickly-- I would have been that kid. I would have took it.

I would have took it 100%.

So here's where we're at right now: The American software industry is racing to release and refine AI language models, which I’ll call chatbots in this video.

It hasn't been obvious to everyone what they should be used for, but it has been obvious to a lot of students.

The freely available chatbots can respond to assignments across a bunch of middle and high school subjects.

And the most advanced models, which you generally have to pay for, can analyze data, read image files, and write at the college level.

I did a little research project where I asked my freshman year professors to grade essays written by ChatGPT.

And they got all A's and B's.

And so this was just like very striking to me.

I wanted to find out what this means for education.

So I talked to students from eighth grade to grad school; I talked to teachers and professors and experts in learning.

And bear with us because they're right in the middle of this.

And it's complicated, and they don't really agree about how to proceed.

So we'll also take a look at some of the research on how learning works.

To see how students can be strategic in the age of AI.

We don't want to send that message to our our young people, you know, to ignore the things that scare us.

We have to learn about it, learn from it, learn how to use it.

But it's a lot of extra labor and it's coming on the heels of like three years of pandemic-based sort of reworking of our teaching.

And so we're all tired.

The days of like giving assignments to students and having them work on it at home are over.

I would love if they were using this as a great thinking tool, but that's that's really not what's happening.

And so I think educators are asking ourselves, well, how do we know that students have learned?

Right now, educators face a choice between two pretty murky paths.

They could allow students to use this technology, or they could try to prevent students from using it.

Let's tackle that one first.

Banning AI looks like some combination of blocking the websites on school networks and computers; using A.I.

detection software to try to catch generated text; and shifting more work into class hours and onto paper.

But the students and teachers that I spoke to, they don't love these options.

I don't want my students to feel like they're under this kind of policing.

I go from teacher to sort of hall monitor and that's not a desirable teaching relationship.

But at the same time, I do want to know that they're doing the work.

A lot of our kids are really, really good at getting around the school firewalls.

But even if they couldn't access it on their laptops, I mean, they have it on their phones, I'm not letting them take anything home.

I want everything to be written in class.

The last two midterms I had were in-class papers and it felt like I was in high school and I hated it.

I really don't know how you prevent students from using A.I.

because the detection softwares are really imperfect.

There will be false positives that the false positives are going to be awkward situations with the teacher and the student.

I have a problem accusing a kid of using ChatGPT or using A.I.

when I'm not at 100%.

So I have found the detector helpful.

It's not perfect. We know it's not perfect.

To avoid detection is basically cycle it a couple of times within the software.

Change whole sections of it, add sentences, remove sentences, and chances are, unfortunately, professors are not going to detect that.

One of my other friends, he's a great guy.

I'm not going to say that he's like a horrible person or something, but like if he can get away without getting caught at all for like four terms, I'm going to be pretty skeptical of the AI-detection abilities.

After ChatGPT came out, a bunch of tools popped up saying that they could detect A.I. writing.

But if you look at OpenAI’s educator FAQ, they say detectors don't work.

So which is it?

Well, they work sometimes.

That's the era we're living in. We have technologies that make guesses.

We can say that the detectors are generally more accurate on longer samples of text and on text that hasn't been edited at all.

Some detectors may be biased against non-native English speakers.

So be careful there. And you'll want to check if the tool you're using is transparent about how often it's wrong.

I couldn't find error rates for these detectors, so who knows if they're really testing the product.

There's an alternative to detecting AI, which is certifying human writing by doing things like tracking typing patterns and pastes and time spent.

GPT Zero's writing report even offers a reenactment of the document being written.

Maybe more and more writing will be done under this kind of surveillance, but it doesn't apply to other kinds of assignments.

And at some point we have to ask if it makes sense to prohibit chat bots for school.

when tech companies are inserting them everywhere else.

Notion. Snapchat. Google Docs. They have that “help me write.” But and that's built right into the document.

It really raises the question of, do I have to cite the work of the AI now lest I face academic consequences?

And students aren't the only ones finding them useful.

I immediately got really excited about using it because I knew it would save hours of my life.

Say one, of the first things I said was I create a lot of resources using chatbots because it's a good support for me Creating readings for students. Questions that your students can answer.

For giving feedback on essays.

It feels a little disingenuous being like you can't use it at all.

But I am using AI to generate the stuff for this class.

So let's take a look at the other path, which is allowing students to use but not misuse A.I. chatbots.

I think A.I. is a wonderful supplement to students’ education journeys as long as it's used responsibly.

if we don't embrace it while we're in school, which is where we learn how to do things, you're going to end up with with a future generation that's struggling to adapt to its surroundings.

We should be figuring out how, you know, our students can benefit from it instead of just trying to outright ban it.

Because that feels ridiculous.

That feels absolutely ridiculous.

The International Baccalaureate program says AI shouldn't be banned because it will become part of our everyday lives like spell checkers, translation software and calculators.

Calculator’s not so scary.

It frees up time on the tedious stuff so that students can move on to more complex problems.

But there are a couple of ways that I'd say this is different from that.

For one: Calculators don't make things up.

It gave me some quotes, I thought, this is perfect.

But when I tried to search it, I put these sources into Google, and all of them were fake.

That quote isn't in the book, like they didn't exist at all.

I was able to generate text about the “near extinction of the the Yahgan people,” which isn't true at all.

What's the difference between a consequent boundary and subsequent boundary?

And I don't remember exactly what ChatGPT said, but they got it wrong.

The less you know about something, the more likely you are to be convinced by ChatGPT's answer.

That was when I really realized that I was like, this is --you have to be very careful.

So critical literacy is important but we have that problem with humans as well.

Chatbots work by predicting a plausible sequence of words.

100

That makes them more flawed than calculators and spell checkers, but it also makes them much more broad.

101

Let me list some of the things a student can ask a chatbot for.

102

And while I do that, think about which of these you would consider a misuse: Answers to a homework question.

103

Background information on a topic.

104

Definitions or explanations of a concept.

105

Sources to find more information.

106

Summaries of readings and lectures.

107

Study guides for an exam.

108

Ideas for how to respond to an assignment.

109

Instructions for solving a problem.

110

An outline for a paper or presentation.

111

Examples, analogies, and counterarguments.

112

A draft of a paper or a discussion post.

113

A script for a presentation.

114

Feedback on their work.

115

A revision of a text to improve it.

116

A revision of a text to change its word count, and more.

117

Some of these definitely seem helpful for learning, but others, it's not so clear.

118

Is it okay to ask a chatbot for information?

119

I'll typically ask ChatGPT to just to summarize that topic into easy to read bullet points.

120

I don't see that as very different from getting on Wikipedia.

121

Most of the students talked about using ChatGPT in particular almost as a kind of Wikipedia, and I really quickly was like, Ooh, I don't think that's the best way to use these tools.

122

Is it okay to get ideas from a chatbot?

123

I think in terms of outlining and brainstorming, I think that's actually fairly low risk.

124

When it comes to generating ideas, it's not really giving you an inspiration.

125

It's giving you an answer.

126

My friends and I were brainstorming different topics and one was like, No, no.

127

Quit thinking. I already looked for it on ChatGPT and they have this incredible idea and we can delve into these but we did write all the text on our own.

128

It's not like we copy and paste because that is cheating.

129

What about using AI to write a paper after you've done the research and analysis?

130

If it's all your ideas and ChatGPT is the editor, the product is all yours. It's just been aided.

131

One of the things that we do when we're writing is we're figuring out what we think. And then ChatGPT reorganizes things, adds some facts that I didn't know.

132

And then my take is like, that's pretty much what I said, right?

133

And it's not really.

134

I think the reason they disagree on how to handle this tool is that it isn't really a tool-- It wasn't built to do some specific task.

135

Now there will be tools that are constrained to act more like tutors.

136

But OpenAI says they're trying to build "general intelligence." General meaning something more like a student than a calculator.

137

The difference is that calculators don't like, don't make the equation for you.

138

Calculators don't like come up with a creative solution.

139

Meanwhile, ChatGPT gives you all of the steps.

140

It's I'd say a lot easier, at least for me to just, like, read something and then write it down than to, like, actually think about something.

141

They're not going to get that opportunity to sit there and really go from A to B to C, when you can go from A to C really quickly for them.

142

You know, maybe it's just easier to just take the ChatGPT generation, like the generated response, and then just tweak it to sound more like me than to create my own original piece of work if my work is going to be like, not as good.

143

Sometimes with the grades and the GPAs and everything, it can feel like the point of school assignments is to evaluate students when really the point is the learning that happens along the way.

144

The grades are there to monitor the learning.

145

And as my friend Denzel points out, You can’t grade someone on something that's not theirs.

146

So let's take a look at how learning works.

147

And this is where the challenge to education really lies, because technology is usually supposed to make things easy.

148

But the research shows that real learning requires things to be a little bit hard.

149

Let me give you an example.

150

I used GPS almost constantly to get around the city.

151

It tells me which train or bus I need, which subway exit to take, basically how to walk.

152

A bunch of studies have looked at how this affects our spatial abilities because, hey, maybe watching this app produce instructions for my route is teaching me how to get around.

153

You know, it's giving me all of these examples to learn from.

154

But no, the experiments consistently show that turn by turn navigation leaves us with poorer spatial knowledge of the area.

155

That's because the tech lets us "disengage from our environment." If I really wanted to build a cognitive map of the space, that requires "active engagement in the navigation process," And that means making decisions, which is hard.

156

And I may decide that it's fine to offload my spatial learning to this app and just expect that it will always be there for me.

157

But what about learning in other domains like in school?

158

There's a really interesting study from a few years back where they divided college students into two classrooms that covered the exact same physics lesson, but in different ways.

159

One class presented the material in a passive lecture.

160

And it was done in a way that it would mimic a lecture from a super lecturer, you know, like very smooth, very, very fluent.

161

The other class used an active learning method where the students were put into small groups and then given unfamiliar problems to work on.

162

They weren't given much direction.

163

So it was a bit frustrating.

164

And then the instructor would interrupt them and then explain, basically give them the feedback of how an expert thinks about these things.

165

At the end of the class, they asked the students if they felt like they learned a great deal from the session, and the students who received the passive lecture said that they learned more than those who did the active learning class.

166

They were also more likely to say that all of their physics classes should be taught that way.

167

They preferred just watching the lecture, but they were wrong.

168

Tests on the material showed that the students in the active participation class actually learned more of the information.

169

It turns out that we're not great at judging how well we're learning.

170

Whenever we try and judge if a learning experience is productive or not, the strongest metacognitive cue, that we use is perception of fluency.

171

Fluency is when information is going down easy.

172

It's well presented, it's organized, it's convenient.

173

Fluency is the reason why students tend to reread their notes and textbooks when they're studying, when really they should be giving themselves quizzes or trying to explain the material in their own words.

174

Education researchers have this term "desirable difficulties," which describes this kind of effortful participation that really works but also kind of hurts.

175

And the risk with AI is that we might not preserve that effort, especially because we already tend to misinterpret a little bit of struggling as a signal that we're not learning.

176

I want them to know that struggling is okay.

177

It's not about getting the right answer.

178

It's not about having the correct opinion.

179

You do not become a better writer by just editing other people's work.

180

You do it through the struggle.

181

The text is kind of like the snakeskin of the growth.

182

You can replicate the snakeskin, but there's a reason you chose to be in this room.

183

And the reason is the path.

184

The reason isn't the product.

185

So with all that said, we can look back at those prompts and ask, is this making the work easy for me?

186

Or is it motivating me to try the hard things?

187

So you could use a chatbot to avoid reading a challenging text, or you could use it to work through that text and help you get more out of it.

188

I tried to read like the Prose Edda.

189

And it was just impossible to read for me.

190

It was very, very hard.

191

I think that ChatGPT might be able to, you know, parse through some of the harder language, simplify things, You could use it to answer questions for you or it could inspire you to ask questions you wouldn't have asked before.

192

If you have a question in class and you're not sure what to do with it, now your first step, instead of going to a teaching assistantor a friend, might be to ask you about You could use it to write or rewrite your words to sound perfect, or you could ask it to critique your writing, and then you decide how you want to make changes.

193

Where are their problems in the logic? Where are there, you know, sentences that aren't clear and so on?

194

There's a point in which the student has to make that realization and say, okay, this is where I need to work on this.

195

And this is like, this is where I need to use ChatGPT, and this is where I need to not use ChatGPT.

196

But I feel like it's just like asking for trouble because high schoolers, man.

197

Our schools and teachers prompt us to build our own mental map of the world where we can connect ideas and perspectives and knowledge across space and time.

198

And you want to have that map to help you navigate your future and find your place in the human story.

199

But from now on, there will always be companies offering you turn by turn directions instead.

200

And you might think I'm a kid.

201

That's a lot of self-regulation to ask from someone whose brain is still cooking.

202

I mean, we're still trying to figure out how to manage these things.

203

And adults don't even know what AI's is going to look like in ten years, let alone what jobs will exist.

204

Isn't that kind of a lot to put on us?

205

And my response to that is, yeah, it is.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「AI can do your homework. Now what?」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：student, Chatgpt, learning。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が205文、単語が3196語あります。音声の長さは16:52です。話す速さは速く、1分あたり約190語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。単語の83%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
chatbot 名詞	/ˈtʃætbɑt/	チャットボット
calculator 名詞	/kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/	電卓, 計算機
lecture 名詞	/ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/	講義
cheat 動詞	/ˈt͡ʃiːt/	騙す, まやかす
fluency 名詞	/ˈfluːənsi/	流暢
educator 名詞	/ˈɛd͡ʒəkeɪtɚ/	教育者, 教育家
spatial 形容詞	/ˈspeɪ.ʃəl/	空間的, 空間の
detect 動詞	/dɪˈtɛkt/	検出する, 見付ける
brainstorming 名詞		ブレインストーミング, ブレーンストーミング
snakeskin 名詞	/ˈsneɪkˌskɪn/	蛇皮
revision 名詞	/ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/	復習
desirable 形容詞	/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/	望ましい
passive 形容詞	/ˈpæs.ɪv/	受動態
navigation 名詞	/nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/	ナビゲーション, 航法
boundary 名詞	/ˈbaʊndɹi/	境界, 境

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
come out 動詞	/ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/	出る
find out 動詞		見出す, 調べる
go down 動詞		降りる, 降下する
point out 動詞		指す, 指し示す

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

Let's tackle that one first.
We know it's not perfect.
One of my other friends, he's a great guy.
Where are there, you know, sentences that aren't clear and so on?
Isn't that kind of a lot to put on us?

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	was released · was not prepared · was capitalized
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	hasn't been · have learned · have found
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	path, which is · school, which is · decisions, which is

注意したい発音

話し手はdon't, we're, they'reなど、短縮形や弱形を67回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: theirs /ðɛɚz/, eighth /eɪtθ/
「sh」と「zh」の音: detection /dɪˈtɛk.ʃən/, spatial /ˈspeɪ.ʃəl/, revision /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: calculator /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/, educator /ˈɛd͡ʒəkeɪtɚ/, desirable /dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, capitalize /ˈkæpətəˌlaɪz/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: desirable /dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/, firewall /ˈfaɪ(ə)ɹˌwɔl/, replicate /ˈɹɛplɪkeɪt/, unfamiliar /ˌʌnfəˈmɪli.ə(ɹ)/, realization /ˌɹɪə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: revision /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/, passive /ˈpæs.ɪv/, navigation /nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/, navigate /ˈnæv.ɪ.ɡeɪt/, evaluate /ɪˈvaljʊeɪt/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: fluency /ˈfluːənsi/, certify /ˈsɜː.tɪ.faɪ/, firewall /ˈfaɪ(ə)ɹˌwɔl/, frustrate /ˈfɹʌsˌtɹeɪt/, fluent /ˈfluənt/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。chatbot, calculator, lectureなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: AI can do your homework. Now what? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる句動詞

繰り返し練習したい文

この動画の文法

注意したい発音

この動画での練習方法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由