シャドーイング練習: How reading shapes your brain ⏲️ 6 Minute English - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Hello.
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Welcome to 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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I'm Bekah.
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And I'm Georgie.
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Remember, you can find all this episode's vocabulary along with a transcript and worksheet on our website, bbclearningenglish.com.
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Now, Bekah, do you read a lot?
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Hmm, I don't read often.
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I just feel like I don't have the time, Georgie.
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How about yourself?
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I would love to read more, but I don't read very much at the moment.
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I read mostly before bed because I feel like it helps me relax and go to sleep.
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And today we're talking all about reading.
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We'll be hearing from some experts about how reading can change our brains.
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And as usual, we'll be learning some useful new words and phrases.
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Let's start with a quiz question.
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The longest novel in the world is widely thought to be by French author Marcel Proust, a book which, when translated into English, means remembrance of things past.
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But how many words does the book contain?
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Is it A, 130,000, B, 1.3 million, or C, 13 million?
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OK, the longest novel in the world.
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I still think 13 million words sounds too many.
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So I'm going to go with B, 1.3 million.
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All right, we'll find out at the end of the program.
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Now, we might think of reading as like speaking.
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We're born with the potential to do it,
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and then we learn it's natural if something is natural it's something you were born with or that comes from nature
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but Marianne Wolfe author of the book reader come home says that this isn't true we think
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of language as natural and reading is written language so it must be natural but it isn't it isn't natural at all all.
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Scientific studies suggest that when we're born, our brains already have the networks that allow our eyes to see and our vocal cords to produce sounds, but not with the pathways we need to read.
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Let's hear more from psychologist and neuroscientist Rebecca Gottlieb, speaking to the BBC World Service.
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From an evolutionary timescale, our brain hasn't had enough time to develop a dedicated reading brain.
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And so to build a reading brain network, we co-op parts of the brain involved in vision and auditory processing and language and attention and affect.
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Reading is really a whole brain process.
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It involves activation in all four lobes of the cortex.
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The process of developing a reading brain alters everything from brain activity to brain structure and brain connectivity.
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The power of deep reading is really fundamental to our humanity.
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When we read deeply, we change our brains and we change who we are.
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Rebecca says that our brains haven't evolved to include a dedicated reading brain.
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Dedicated here means designed and used for one particular purpose.
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So because we don't have a part of the brain designed specifically for reading, when we learn to read we co-opt other parts of the brain.
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Co-opt here means to include someone or something, often against their will.
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Right, learning to read means using lots of different parts of the brain that are designed for other things and this changes our brain structure compared to someone who hasn't learned to read.
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And the language we read also shapes our brain.
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Chinese characters, for example, use symbols instead of letters of the alphabet to represent words and ideas.
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Research suggests that learning to read these symbols activates different areas of the brain to reading an alphabet-based system.
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Scientists studied a bilingual man who could read and speak Chinese and English.
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The man suffered a stroke which affected parts of his brain, including his ability to read Chinese.
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But amazingly, he was still able to read English.
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Marianne Wolfe explains more to the BBC World Service.
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It's a beautiful example of how the brain circuit reflects the requirements of Chinese,
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which inevitably means more visual memory and visual processing of those beautifully intricate symbols or characters.
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Mary-Anne says that the brain circuit is shaped by learning to read Chinese.
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A circuit is a system of connections.
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The visual qualities of Chinese symbols inevitably mean more visual areas of the brain are developed.
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Inevitably means in a way that cannot be stopped or avoided.
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Marianne describes the symbolic Chinese characters as beautifully intricate.
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If something is intricate, it has lots of detail.
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And something which also has lots of detail, or certainly lots of words, I asked you, Georgie, how many words are in Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past?
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I said 1.3 million.
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And you were correct!
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Yay!
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The book also contains lots of very long sentences, including one with over 900 words.
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One sentence with 900 words, that is a lot.
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OK, it's time to recap the language we learned during this programme, starting with natural, which describes something you were born with or that comes from nature.
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Dedicated can describe something that is designed and used for one particular purpose.
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If you co-opt someone or something, you involve them, sometimes against their will.
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A circuit is a system of connections, for example, in the brain.
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Inevitably means in a way that cannot be stopped or avoided.
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And intricate describes something which has lots of detail.
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That's it for this episode of 6 Minute English.
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Test what you've learnt with the worksheet on our website, bbclearningenglish.com.
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Thanks for joining us.
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Goodbye.
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Bye.
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このビデオでスピーキングを練習する理由は？
このビデオ「読書が脳をどのように形作るか」は、言語学習者にとって非常に重要なリソースです。視聴することで、言語の深い理解を得るだけでなく、スピーキングスキルを強化することができます。英語シャドーイングを利用することで、正しい発音やリズムを身につけられるため、英語を流暢に話せるようになる手助けをします。また、ビデオ内で使用される専門的な語彙や表現に触れることができるため、語彙力の向上にもつながります。文脈に沿ったスピーキング練習を行うことで、実際の会話において自信を持って英語を使えるようになるでしょう。
文法と表現の文脈
- "is like": これは比較を示す表現で、あるものが他のものとどう似ているかを説明する際に使われます。
- "co-opt": これは他のものを利用するという意味で、特に異なる目的のために使われることを指します。
- "dedicated reading brain": ここでは「専用の読書脳」というフレーズが使われ、その特異性を説明しています。このような表現を利用することで、具体的な概念を強調することができます。
- "deep reading": 深く読むことの重要性を強調するフレーズで、理解力や思考力を深めることにつながります。
- "activation in all four lobes of the cortex": これは脳の構造に関する専門的な表現ですが、英語学習者にとって、身体の構造を説明する文脈で有益です。
一般的な発音のトラップ
このビデオには、英語の発音において注意が必要な単語やフレーズがいくつか登場します。特に"neuroscientist"という言葉は、音節の区切りとストレスの位置に注意が必要です。また、"evolutionary"の発音も、特に日本語話者にとっては難しいかもしれません。英語スピーキング練習を行う際には、これらの単語を繰り返し練習することで、発音が向上し、会話の流暢さに役立ちます。さらに、英語シャドーイングを取り入れることで、これらの発音を体得するのに非常に効果的です。練習を行う際には、参考になるリソースやshadow speakのサイトを活用して、実際の発音を学ぶことをお勧めします。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。