シャドーイング練習: How the Internet Is Changing Friendship - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

レッスンを作成中...
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We live in a time of constant communication.
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No matter where in the world our friends are, or how long it's been since we've seen them, as long as they stay on social media, we never have to lose touch.
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But is social media strengthening friendships or making them shallower?
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According to anthropologist Robin Dunbar, the highest number of people you can maintain a meaningful relationship with at one time ranges from 100 to 200, depending on how social you are.
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And many of us have a lot more social media connections than that.
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Friendship researcher William Rawlins divides friendships into three categories: active, dormant, and commemorative.
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A friendship is active if you're regularly in touch with that person, if you feel you can call on them for emotional support, and if you pretty much know what's going on with their lives.
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A dormant friend is someone you have history with, but whom you haven't spoken to in a while.
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But if you were in the same town as them, you'd definitely hit them up, and it wouldn't be weird.
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And then, a commemorative friend is someone who was important to you at an earlier time in your life, but you don't really expect to see or hear from them, maybe ever again.
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You remember them fondly, but they remain firmly in the past.
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Or they would have, before social media.
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Facebook is like a trophy case for these commemorative friendships.
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You can see what your childhood camp friend thinks about politics, you can get a "Happy Birthday" message from an old Little League teammate.
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As you grow older, more and more of your active friendships will become dormant or commemorative.
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That's because friendships naturally fade as people grow up.
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According to the American Time Use Survey, young people aged 15 to 19 spend the most time socializing per day while older adults have less time to spend with their friends.
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One study found that the more people moved, the more willing they were to get rid of objects, but the more willing they were to get rid of their objects they also reported being more willing to cut social ties too.
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Which suggests that people who move a lot may see their friendships as more disposable.
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But a friendship isn't the same as that crumpled soccer team sweatshirt you finally threw out after your 3rd move.
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Technology offers us a way to extend the lifespan of these friendships, even long-distance ones, with minimal effort.
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But some of those friendships aren't really living. It's more like they're on life support.
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According to friendship researcher Emily Langan, any contact at all is the bare minimum of what it takes to keep a friendship alive.
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So if you write on someone's Facebook wall, or comment on their Instagram, you’re doing a form of friendship maintenance.
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Social media allows you to maintain more friendships, but more shallowly.
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But if you just focus on your closest friends, it's also a tool that can help you deepen your relationships.
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The more platforms friends use to communicate, in addition to seeing each other in person, the stronger their relationship.
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Researchers call this media multiplexity theory.
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So social media can both strengthen the friendships you care about, and keeps some relationships alive past their natural expiration date.
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Friendships are a uniquely flexible kind of relationship because unlike with our family members or romantic partners, there are no clear expectations or obligations This makes it easy to drop when things get busy, but it also means that a period of dormancy doesn't mean the friendship is over.
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In a series of interviews Rawlins did with middle-aged Americans, he found that many still considered themselves to be friends with people they hadn't been in touch with in a long time.
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But they felt like they could pick right back up where they left off.
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So maybe that's the biggest gift the Internet gives us.
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A place to find our friends, when we're ready to pick up where we left off.
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The effort has to come from you, and liking a status won't be enough, but when you're ready, your friends are there, in your pocket, waiting for you to reconnect.
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This is "You Are Here", a new series about the science behind everyday life.
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Let us know what topics you'd like us to explore in the comments. I'm Julie Beck, thanks for watching.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が37文、単語が732語あります。 音声の長さは3:23です。 話す速さは速く、1分あたり約217語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。 単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくるやや難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

  • friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/ (名詞) — 友情, 友好. The condition of being friends.
  • researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ (名詞) — 研究員, 研究者. One who researches.
  • strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/ (動詞) — 強くする, 強める. To make strong or stronger; to add strength to; to increase the strength of; to fortify.
  • topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (名詞) — 話題, テーマ. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
  • naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ (副詞) — 勿論. In a natural manner.
  • pocket /ˈpɑ.kɪt/ (名詞) — ポケット, 懐中. A bag stitched to an item of clothing, used for carrying small items.
  • soccer /ˈsɑk.ɚ/ (名詞) — サッカー, 蹴球. Association football.
  • romantic /ɹoʊˈmæn(t)ɪk/ (形容詞) — ロマンチックな. Fantastic, unrealistic (of an idea etc.); fanciful, sentimental, impractical (of a person).
  • explore /ɪkˈsploɹ/ (動詞) — 探検する. To examine or investigate something systematically.
  • communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ (動詞) — 伝える. To impart or transmit (information or knowledge) to someone; to make known, to tell.
  • depend /dɪˈpɛnd/ (動詞) — 依存する. To be contingent or conditioned; to have something as a necessary condition
  • trophy /ˈtɹoʊfi/ (名詞) — トロフィー. An object, usually in the form of a statuette, cup, or shield, awarded for success in a competition or to mark a special achievement.
  • meaningful /ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fl̩/ (形容詞) — 有意義な. Having meaning, significant.
  • flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ (形容詞) — 柔軟な. Capable of being flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned or twisted without breaking.
  • divide /dɪˈvaɪd/ (動詞) — 分割する, 分ける. To split or separate (something) into two or more parts.

動画に出てくる句動詞

  • grow up (動詞) — 成長する, 大人に成る. To mature and become an adult.
  • pick up (動詞) — 拾う, 拾い上げる. To lift; to grasp and raise.
  • throw out /ˈθɹəʊ ˌaʊt/ (動詞) — 捨てる. To discard; to dispense with something; to throw away.

注意したい発音

話し手はyou're, you'd, aren'tなど、短縮形や弱形を17回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

  • 「th」の音: strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/, anthropologist /ˌæn.θɹoʊˈpɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/
  • 「sh」と「zh」の音: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, obligation /ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃn̩/, shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, expiration /ˌɛk.spɚˈeɪ̯.ʃən/
  • 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, anthropologist /ˌæn.θɹoʊˈpɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, expiration /ˌɛk.spɚˈeɪ̯.ʃən/

この動画での練習方法

  1. まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
  2. まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
  3. 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。friendship, researcher, strengthenなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係しているwe've seen · haven't spoken
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加えるsomeone who was · people who move

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →