Практика Shadowing: How the Internet Is Changing Friendship - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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We live in a time of constant communication.
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No matter where in the world our friends are, or how long it's been since we've seen them, as long as they stay on social media, we never have to lose touch.
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But is social media strengthening friendships or making them shallower?
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According to anthropologist Robin Dunbar, the highest number of people you can maintain a meaningful relationship with at one time ranges from 100 to 200, depending on how social you are.
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And many of us have a lot more social media connections than that.
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Friendship researcher William Rawlins divides friendships into three categories: active, dormant, and commemorative.
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A friendship is active if you're regularly in touch with that person, if you feel you can call on them for emotional support, and if you pretty much know what's going on with their lives.
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A dormant friend is someone you have history with, but whom you haven't spoken to in a while.
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But if you were in the same town as them, you'd definitely hit them up, and it wouldn't be weird.
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And then, a commemorative friend is someone who was important to you at an earlier time in your life, but you don't really expect to see or hear from them, maybe ever again.
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You remember them fondly, but they remain firmly in the past.
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Or they would have, before social media.
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Facebook is like a trophy case for these commemorative friendships.
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You can see what your childhood camp friend thinks about politics, you can get a "Happy Birthday" message from an old Little League teammate.
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As you grow older, more and more of your active friendships will become dormant or commemorative.
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That's because friendships naturally fade as people grow up.
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According to the American Time Use Survey, young people aged 15 to 19 spend the most time socializing per day while older adults have less time to spend with their friends.
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One study found that the more people moved, the more willing they were to get rid of objects, but the more willing they were to get rid of their objects they also reported being more willing to cut social ties too.
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Which suggests that people who move a lot may see their friendships as more disposable.
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But a friendship isn't the same as that crumpled soccer team sweatshirt you finally threw out after your 3rd move.
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Technology offers us a way to extend the lifespan of these friendships, even long-distance ones, with minimal effort.
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But some of those friendships aren't really living. It's more like they're on life support.
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According to friendship researcher Emily Langan, any contact at all is the bare minimum of what it takes to keep a friendship alive.
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So if you write on someone's Facebook wall, or comment on their Instagram, you’re doing a form of friendship maintenance.
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Social media allows you to maintain more friendships, but more shallowly.
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But if you just focus on your closest friends, it's also a tool that can help you deepen your relationships.
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The more platforms friends use to communicate, in addition to seeing each other in person, the stronger their relationship.
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Researchers call this media multiplexity theory.
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So social media can both strengthen the friendships you care about, and keeps some relationships alive past their natural expiration date.
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Friendships are a uniquely flexible kind of relationship because unlike with our family members or romantic partners, there are no clear expectations or obligations This makes it easy to drop when things get busy, but it also means that a period of dormancy doesn't mean the friendship is over.
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In a series of interviews Rawlins did with middle-aged Americans, he found that many still considered themselves to be friends with people they hadn't been in touch with in a long time.
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But they felt like they could pick right back up where they left off.
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So maybe that's the biggest gift the Internet gives us.
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A place to find our friends, when we're ready to pick up where we left off.
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The effort has to come from you, and liking a status won't be enough, but when you're ready, your friends are there, in your pocket, waiting for you to reconnect.
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This is "You Are Here", a new series about the science behind everyday life.
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Let us know what topics you'd like us to explore in the comments. I'm Julie Beck, thanks for watching.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 37 предложений и 732 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 3:23. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 217 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. 84% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:
- friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/ (существительное) — дру́жба, прия́тельство. The condition of being friends.
- researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ (существительное) — иссле́дователь, иссле́довательница. One who researches.
- strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/ (глагол) — уси́ливать, уси́лить. To make strong or stronger; to add strength to; to increase the strength of; to fortify.
- topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (существительное) — те́ма, предме́т. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
- naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ (наречие) — есте́ственно. In a natural manner.
- pocket /ˈpɑ.kɪt/ (существительное) — карма́н, карма́шек. A bag stitched to an item of clothing, used for carrying small items.
- soccer /ˈsɑk.ɚ/ (существительное) — футбо́л, со́ккер. Association football.
- everyday /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ (прилагательное) — повседне́вный, ежедне́вный. Appropriate for ordinary use, rather than for special occasions.
- romantic /ɹoʊˈmæn(t)ɪk/ (прилагательное) — романти́ческий. Fantastic, unrealistic (of an idea etc.); fanciful, sentimental, impractical (of a person).
- extend /ɛkˈstɛnd/ (глагол) — продлева́ть, продли́ть. To increase in extent.
- explore /ɪkˈsploɹ/ (глагол) — иссле́довать. To examine or investigate something systematically.
- communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ (глагол) — сообща́ть, сообщи́ть. To impart or transmit (information or knowledge) to someone; to make known, to tell.
- depend /dɪˈpɛnd/ (глагол) — зави́сеть. To be contingent or conditioned; to have something as a necessary condition
- trophy /ˈtɹoʊfi/ (существительное) — трофе́й. An object, usually in the form of a statuette, cup, or shield, awarded for success in a competition or to mark a special achievement.
- meaningful /ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fl̩/ (прилагательное) — зна́чимый. Having meaning, significant.
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
- back up (глагол) — дава́ть за́дний ход. To move backwards, especially for a vehicle to do so.
- grow up (глагол) — расти́, выраста́ть. To mature and become an adult.
- pick up (глагол) — подбира́ть, подобра́ть. To lift; to grasp and raise.
- think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (глагол) — обду́мывать, обду́мать. To ponder.
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 17 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например you're, you'd, aren't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/, anthropologist /ˌæn.θɹoʊˈpɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, obligation /ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃn̩/, shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, expiration /ˌɛk.spɚˈeɪ̯.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, anthropologist /ˌæn.θɹoʊˈpɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, expiration /ˌɛk.spɚˈeɪ̯.ʃən/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как friendship, researcher, strengthen.
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | we've seen · haven't spoken |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | someone who was · people who move |
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.