シャドーイング練習: Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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In biology, there are often vocabulary terms that sound pretty similar.
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Chromosome.
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Chromatid. Chromatin.
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Transcription.
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Translation.
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Mitosis. Meiosis.
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You probably have encountered this.
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When I was first learning about mitosis and meiosis, I learned them both separately first.
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And then I tried to figure out what was the same about them, what was different, why did they both matter?
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I would try to compare the stages by flipping through images.
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You know what would have helped me?
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A side by side comparison.
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And that’s what this video is.
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We assume you already have a background of mitosis and meiosis---if not take a look at our videos on them---but this video is a side by side comparison.
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Presented in a split screen.
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Mitosis on the left.
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Meiosis on the right.
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Both of these processes, along with the cytokinesis that follows them to split the cytoplasm, are involved in making new cells.
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Mitosis results in body cells.
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Meiosis results in sperm and egg cells, otherwise knows as the fancy term, gametes.
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Before we start mitosis and meiosis, let’s look at what you start with.
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Your starting cell in both mitosis and meiosis is diploid, written here as 2n.
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That means it has 2 sets of chromosomes---in humans, that’s including one set of 23 chromosomes from mom and one set of 23 chromosomes from dad.
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46 chromosomes total in humans.
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During interphase, the cell duplicates the chromosomes.
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When you duplicate 46 chromosomes, you still say there are 46 chromosomes as the newly duplicated portion is still attached at the centromere region---but there are actually 92 chromatids.
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Interphase isn’t part of mitosis or meiosis, but it’s a really important phase because it duplicates chromosomes before we get started.
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Just to point out, it’s really hard to draw 46 chromosomes which is how many humans have.
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We’re going to use 6 chromosomes in our diagrams when we illustrate what’s happening because it’s much easier to draw and visualize.
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Oh and just a fun fact: some insects have 6 chromosomes.
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Like mosquitoes.
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Unfortunately, I am not a fan of mosquitoes.
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But mosquitoes do mitosis and meiosis too.
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When learning the stages, we give the acronym PMAT which is helpful for understanding the stages.
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Both mitosis and meiosis go through these stages, but meiosis goes through them twice and therefore has a number next to each PMAT stage.
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We’re going to show some basic events for each PMAT stage, but please know there is way more detail to explore than what we can include in this quick video.
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Prophase in mitosis.
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Remember that “pro” can mean “before” and this stage comes before the others.
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The chromosomes are visible; in fact, we say they’re condensing which means they are thickening.
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Prophase I in meiosis.
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Happening here too, but the chromosomes are actually going to match up with their homologous pairs.
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The word homologous means that the chromosomes are approximately the same size and that they contain the same types of genes in the same locations.
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With each pair, one came from mom and one came from dad.
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In this formation, chromosomes can transfer their genetic information and exchange it between each other.
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It’s called crossing over!
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It can make for what we call recombinant chromosomes.
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Metaphase in mitosis.
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The nuclear envelope which had surrounded the nucleus was already disassembled before metaphase started.
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For metaphase, I like to remember the M for middle because in this stage the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in a single file line.
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Metaphase I in meiosis.
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The chromosomes are in the middle as well, but they’re still going to be in pairs in the middle of the cell so it’s not a single file line.
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Anaphase in mitosis.
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I like to think as the A is for “away.” The chromatids are pulled away by the work of the spindles.
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They are moving to the opposite sides of the cell.
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Anaphase I in meiosis.
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Same thing but in this case, it’s the chromosomes- not chromatids- being pulled away to opposite sides of the cell.
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Telophase in mitosis and telophase I in meiosis.
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The chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make these two new cells.
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And they are starting to surround the chromosomes on both sides as this will eventually form 2 cells.
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Cytokinesis follows to split the cytoplasm to complete the actual dividing of the cell.
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So at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis, we end with two identical, diploid cells.
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In humans, they would both have 46 chromosomes.
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This is great for organism growth---growing requires making more cells after all---or replacing damaged cells.
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On to meiosis II!
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Prophase II.
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Chromosomes condensing in both cells.
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It’s not going to be as eventful as it was in prophase I because they are not going to have homologous pairs and crossing over.
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Metaphase II.
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M for middle, but this time, the chromosomes are in a single file line.
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Similar to how metaphase looked in mitosis.
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Anaphase II.
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Think A for away.
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This time, though, it’s actually the chromatids that are getting pulled away.
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Telophase II.
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Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make new cells.
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Cytokinesis will follow meiosis II to completely split the cytoplasm.
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We are now finished with meiosis: and we end with four non-identical cells.
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Gametes. Males makes sperm cells in meiosis and females make egg cells in meiosis.
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These gametes are haploid, meaning they have half the number of chromosomes as the original starting cell.
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In the case of humans, the resulting cells would each have 23 chromosomes.
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By the way, when a sperm and egg cell combine, it results into a diploid cell, a fertilized egg otherwise known as a zygote, which will then start a series of divisions using mitosis to give rise to a brand new organism.
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Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious!
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：chromosome, cell, meiosis, mitosis, stage。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が82文、単語が989語あります。 音声の長さは6:13です。 話す速さは1分あたり約159語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は77%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| duplicate 動詞 | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | 複写する, 複製する |
| mosquito 名詞 | /məsˈki.toʊ/ | 蚊, カ |
| nucleus 名詞 | /ˈnuː.kli.əs/ | 核, 核心 |
| identical 形容詞 | /ɪˈdɛntɪkl̩/ | 同一の, そっくりの |
| surround 動詞 | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | 囲む, 取り巻く |
| organism 名詞 | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | 生物, 有機体 |
| compare 動詞 | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | 比べる, 比較する |
| curious 形容詞 | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | 好奇心の強い, 知りたがる |
| helpful 形容詞 | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | 役に立つ, 有用 |
| translation 名詞 | /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/ | 翻訳, 伝達 |
| visible 形容詞 | /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/ | 見える, 目に見える |
| remind 動詞 | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | 思い出させる |
| gene 名詞 | /d͡ʒiːn/ | 遺伝子 |
| genetic 形容詞 | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | 遺伝的 |
| explore 動詞 | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | 探検する |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| point out 動詞 | 指す, 指し示す |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | are involved · is still attached · was already disassembled |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | chromosomes which is · PMAT which is · condensing which means |
注意したい発音
話し手はthey're, we're, isn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を5回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, cytokinesis /ˌsaɪtoʊkɪˈniːsɪs/, cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, explore /ɪkˈsploɹ/, separately /ˈsɛp.ɹət.li/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, illustrate /ˈɪl.əˌstɹeɪt/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, envelope /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, fancy /ˈfæn.si/, flip /flɪp/, anaphase /ˈænəˌfeɪz/, fertilize /ˈfɜː(ɹ)tɪlaɪz/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。duplicate, mosquito, nucleusなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。