Prática de Shadowing: Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
Escolha um modo de prática
Cada modo abre uma sala de prática em tela cheia.
82 frases
Se as frases estiverem muito curtas ou longas, clique em Edit para ajustá-las.
1
In biology, there are often vocabulary terms that sound pretty similar.
2
Chromosome.
3
Chromatid. Chromatin.
4
Transcription.
5
Translation.
6
Mitosis. Meiosis.
7
You probably have encountered this.
8
When I was first learning about mitosis and meiosis, I learned them both separately first.
9
And then I tried to figure out what was the same about them, what was different, why did they both matter?
10
I would try to compare the stages by flipping through images.
11
You know what would have helped me?
12
A side by side comparison.
13
And that’s what this video is.
14
We assume you already have a background of mitosis and meiosis---if not take a look at our videos on them---but this video is a side by side comparison.
15
Presented in a split screen.
16
Mitosis on the left.
17
Meiosis on the right.
18
Both of these processes, along with the cytokinesis that follows them to split the cytoplasm, are involved in making new cells.
19
Mitosis results in body cells.
20
Meiosis results in sperm and egg cells, otherwise knows as the fancy term, gametes.
21
Before we start mitosis and meiosis, let’s look at what you start with.
22
Your starting cell in both mitosis and meiosis is diploid, written here as 2n.
23
That means it has 2 sets of chromosomes---in humans, that’s including one set of 23 chromosomes from mom and one set of 23 chromosomes from dad.
24
46 chromosomes total in humans.
25
During interphase, the cell duplicates the chromosomes.
26
When you duplicate 46 chromosomes, you still say there are 46 chromosomes as the newly duplicated portion is still attached at the centromere region---but there are actually 92 chromatids.
27
Interphase isn’t part of mitosis or meiosis, but it’s a really important phase because it duplicates chromosomes before we get started.
28
Just to point out, it’s really hard to draw 46 chromosomes which is how many humans have.
29
We’re going to use 6 chromosomes in our diagrams when we illustrate what’s happening because it’s much easier to draw and visualize.
30
Oh and just a fun fact: some insects have 6 chromosomes.
31
Like mosquitoes.
32
Unfortunately, I am not a fan of mosquitoes.
33
But mosquitoes do mitosis and meiosis too.
34
When learning the stages, we give the acronym PMAT which is helpful for understanding the stages.
35
Both mitosis and meiosis go through these stages, but meiosis goes through them twice and therefore has a number next to each PMAT stage.
36
We’re going to show some basic events for each PMAT stage, but please know there is way more detail to explore than what we can include in this quick video.
37
Prophase in mitosis.
38
Remember that “pro” can mean “before” and this stage comes before the others.
39
The chromosomes are visible; in fact, we say they’re condensing which means they are thickening.
40
Prophase I in meiosis.
41
Happening here too, but the chromosomes are actually going to match up with their homologous pairs.
42
The word homologous means that the chromosomes are approximately the same size and that they contain the same types of genes in the same locations.
43
With each pair, one came from mom and one came from dad.
44
In this formation, chromosomes can transfer their genetic information and exchange it between each other.
45
It’s called crossing over!
46
It can make for what we call recombinant chromosomes.
47
Metaphase in mitosis.
48
The nuclear envelope which had surrounded the nucleus was already disassembled before metaphase started.
49
For metaphase, I like to remember the M for middle because in this stage the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in a single file line.
50
Metaphase I in meiosis.
51
The chromosomes are in the middle as well, but they’re still going to be in pairs in the middle of the cell so it’s not a single file line.
52
Anaphase in mitosis.
53
I like to think as the A is for “away.” The chromatids are pulled away by the work of the spindles.
54
They are moving to the opposite sides of the cell.
55
Anaphase I in meiosis.
56
Same thing but in this case, it’s the chromosomes- not chromatids- being pulled away to opposite sides of the cell.
57
Telophase in mitosis and telophase I in meiosis.
58
The chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make these two new cells.
59
And they are starting to surround the chromosomes on both sides as this will eventually form 2 cells.
60
Cytokinesis follows to split the cytoplasm to complete the actual dividing of the cell.
61
So at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis, we end with two identical, diploid cells.
62
In humans, they would both have 46 chromosomes.
63
This is great for organism growth---growing requires making more cells after all---or replacing damaged cells.
64
On to meiosis II!
65
Prophase II.
66
Chromosomes condensing in both cells.
67
It’s not going to be as eventful as it was in prophase I because they are not going to have homologous pairs and crossing over.
68
Metaphase II.
69
M for middle, but this time, the chromosomes are in a single file line.
70
Similar to how metaphase looked in mitosis.
71
Anaphase II.
72
Think A for away.
73
This time, though, it’s actually the chromatids that are getting pulled away.
74
Telophase II.
75
Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make new cells.
76
Cytokinesis will follow meiosis II to completely split the cytoplasm.
77
We are now finished with meiosis: and we end with four non-identical cells.
78
Gametes. Males makes sperm cells in meiosis and females make egg cells in meiosis.
79
These gametes are haploid, meaning they have half the number of chromosomes as the original starting cell.
80
In the case of humans, the resulting cells would each have 23 chromosomes.
81
By the way, when a sperm and egg cell combine, it results into a diploid cell, a fertilized egg otherwise known as a zygote, which will then start a series of divisions using mitosis to give rise to a brand new organism.
82
Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious!
Baixar aplicativo
Tudo o que você precisa para falar fluentemente
Pronúncia com IANota em cada frase
Prática de IPADomine cada som
VocabulárioMonte seu banco de palavras
Jogo de vocabulárioAprenda brincando
Mesmo canal
B21
Stroll Through the Playlist (a Biology Review)
Daily ConversationHigh School Students
C12
Endocrine System
Daily ConversationHigh School Students
C1Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply! (Older Video 2016 )
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B2Circulatory System and Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Vídeo recomendado
C12
799 frases
Cell Biology | Cell Structure & Function
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C117
14 frases
Queen Ant Clones Another Species
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
32 frases
RE2 Unit 9B
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
279 frases
LET THERE BE... Voltage? | Maxwell's Equation #2 Explained for Beginners
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
685 frases
Editing Your DNA, with Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Jennifer Doudna
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
177 frases
Pyruvate Pathways & Metabolism
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
15 frases
The Menstrual Cycle Explained: A Guide to the 4 Phases & Hormones
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
182 frases
Thyroid Gland | Anatomy and Embryology | Lobes and Blood supply | Development of the Thyroid Gland
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
40 frases
The Engineering that Runs the Digital World 🛠️⚙️💻 How do CPUs Work?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
195 frases
VETERINARY BASICS: How to read a blood test! CBC & Haematology
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C14
153 frases
The Neuroscience of Love and Attachment: Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Dopamine's Role in Bonding
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
67 frases
Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison”. As palavras que mais se repetem: chromosome, cell, meiosis, mitosis, stage. Este vídeo tem 82 frases e 989 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:13. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 159 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 77% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| duplicate verbo | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | duplicar |
| mosquito substantivo | /məsˈki.toʊ/ | mosquito, melga |
| nucleus substantivo | /ˈnuː.kli.əs/ | núcleo |
| identical adjetivo | /ɪˈdɛntɪkl̩/ | idêntico |
| surround verbo | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | contornar, cercar |
| organism substantivo | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organismo |
| compare verbo | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | comparar |
| curious adjetivo | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | curioso |
| helpful adjetivo | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | prestável, útil |
| newly advérbio | /ˈnuli/ | recém- |
| translation substantivo | /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/ | tradução, transmissão |
| visible adjetivo | /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/ | visível |
| remind verbo | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | lembrar, recordar |
| gene substantivo | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gene |
| fancy substantivo | /ˈfæn.si/ | fantasia |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| figure out verbo | descobrir, deduzir |
| point out verbo | apontar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are involved · is still attached · was already disassembled |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | chromosomes which is · PMAT which is · condensing which means |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 5 contrações e formas reduzidas, como they're, we're, isn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, cytokinesis /ˌsaɪtoʊkɪˈniːsɪs/, cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: duplicate /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, remind /ɹəˈmaɪnd/, genetic /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/, flip /flɪp/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/, disassemble /dɪs.əˈsɛm.bəl/, spindle /ˈspɪndəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, homologous /həˈmɒləɡəs/, haploid /ˈhæplɔɪd/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como duplicate, mosquito, nucleus.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.