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In biology, there are often vocabulary terms that sound pretty similar.
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Chromosome.
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Chromatid. Chromatin.
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Transcription.
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Translation.
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Mitosis. Meiosis.
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You probably have encountered this.
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When I was first learning about mitosis and meiosis, I learned them both separately first.
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And then I tried to figure out what was the same about them, what was different, why did they both matter?
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I would try to compare the stages by flipping through images.
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You know what would have helped me?
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A side by side comparison.
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And that’s what this video is.
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We assume you already have a background of mitosis and meiosis---if not take a look at our videos on them---but this video is a side by side comparison.
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Presented in a split screen.
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Mitosis on the left.
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Meiosis on the right.
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Both of these processes, along with the cytokinesis that follows them to split the cytoplasm, are involved in making new cells.
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Mitosis results in body cells.
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Meiosis results in sperm and egg cells, otherwise knows as the fancy term, gametes.
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Before we start mitosis and meiosis, let’s look at what you start with.
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Your starting cell in both mitosis and meiosis is diploid, written here as 2n.
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That means it has 2 sets of chromosomes---in humans, that’s including one set of 23 chromosomes from mom and one set of 23 chromosomes from dad.
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46 chromosomes total in humans.
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During interphase, the cell duplicates the chromosomes.
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When you duplicate 46 chromosomes, you still say there are 46 chromosomes as the newly duplicated portion is still attached at the centromere region---but there are actually 92 chromatids.
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Interphase isn’t part of mitosis or meiosis, but it’s a really important phase because it duplicates chromosomes before we get started.
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Just to point out, it’s really hard to draw 46 chromosomes which is how many humans have.
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We’re going to use 6 chromosomes in our diagrams when we illustrate what’s happening because it’s much easier to draw and visualize.
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Oh and just a fun fact: some insects have 6 chromosomes.
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Like mosquitoes.
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Unfortunately, I am not a fan of mosquitoes.
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But mosquitoes do mitosis and meiosis too.
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When learning the stages, we give the acronym PMAT which is helpful for understanding the stages.
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Both mitosis and meiosis go through these stages, but meiosis goes through them twice and therefore has a number next to each PMAT stage.
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We’re going to show some basic events for each PMAT stage, but please know there is way more detail to explore than what we can include in this quick video.
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Prophase in mitosis.
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Remember that “pro” can mean “before” and this stage comes before the others.
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The chromosomes are visible; in fact, we say they’re condensing which means they are thickening.
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Prophase I in meiosis.
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Happening here too, but the chromosomes are actually going to match up with their homologous pairs.
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The word homologous means that the chromosomes are approximately the same size and that they contain the same types of genes in the same locations.
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With each pair, one came from mom and one came from dad.
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In this formation, chromosomes can transfer their genetic information and exchange it between each other.
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It’s called crossing over!
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It can make for what we call recombinant chromosomes.
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Metaphase in mitosis.
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The nuclear envelope which had surrounded the nucleus was already disassembled before metaphase started.
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For metaphase, I like to remember the M for middle because in this stage the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in a single file line.
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Metaphase I in meiosis.
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The chromosomes are in the middle as well, but they’re still going to be in pairs in the middle of the cell so it’s not a single file line.
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Anaphase in mitosis.
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I like to think as the A is for “away.” The chromatids are pulled away by the work of the spindles.
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They are moving to the opposite sides of the cell.
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Anaphase I in meiosis.
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Same thing but in this case, it’s the chromosomes- not chromatids- being pulled away to opposite sides of the cell.
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Telophase in mitosis and telophase I in meiosis.
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The chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make these two new cells.
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And they are starting to surround the chromosomes on both sides as this will eventually form 2 cells.
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Cytokinesis follows to split the cytoplasm to complete the actual dividing of the cell.
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So at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis, we end with two identical, diploid cells.
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In humans, they would both have 46 chromosomes.
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This is great for organism growth---growing requires making more cells after all---or replacing damaged cells.
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On to meiosis II!
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Prophase II.
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Chromosomes condensing in both cells.
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It’s not going to be as eventful as it was in prophase I because they are not going to have homologous pairs and crossing over.
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Metaphase II.
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M for middle, but this time, the chromosomes are in a single file line.
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Similar to how metaphase looked in mitosis.
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Anaphase II.
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Think A for away.
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This time, though, it’s actually the chromatids that are getting pulled away.
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Telophase II.
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Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make new cells.
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Cytokinesis will follow meiosis II to completely split the cytoplasm.
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We are now finished with meiosis: and we end with four non-identical cells.
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Gametes. Males makes sperm cells in meiosis and females make egg cells in meiosis.
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These gametes are haploid, meaning they have half the number of chromosomes as the original starting cell.
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In the case of humans, the resulting cells would each have 23 chromosomes.
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By the way, when a sperm and egg cell combine, it results into a diploid cell, a fertilized egg otherwise known as a zygote, which will then start a series of divisions using mitosis to give rise to a brand new organism.
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Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious!
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: chromosome, cell, meiosis, mitosis, stage. Questo video contiene 82 frasi e 989 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 6:13. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 159 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 77% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| duplicate verbo | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | duplicare |
| mosquito sostantivo | /məsˈki.toʊ/ | zanzara |
| nucleus sostantivo | /ˈnuː.kli.əs/ | nucleo |
| identical aggettivo | /ɪˈdɛntɪkl̩/ | identico |
| surround verbo | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | circondare |
| organism sostantivo | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organismo |
| compare verbo | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | paragonare |
| curious aggettivo | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | curioso, interessato |
| helpful aggettivo | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | disponibile, utile |
| translation sostantivo | /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/ | traduzione |
| visible aggettivo | /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/ | visibile |
| remind verbo | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | ricordare |
| gene sostantivo | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gene |
| fancy sostantivo | /ˈfæn.si/ | fantasia, immaginazione |
| genetic aggettivo | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | genetico |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| go through verbo | attraversare |
| figure out verbo | scoprire, rendersi conto |
| point out verbo | additare |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | are involved · is still attached · was already disassembled |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | chromosomes which is · PMAT which is · condensing which means |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 5 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come they're, we're, isn't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, cytokinesis /ˌsaɪtoʊkɪˈniːsɪs/, cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, homologous /həˈmɒləɡəs/, haploid /ˈhæplɔɪd/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: duplicate /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/, nucleus /ˈnuː.kli.əs/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, curious /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/, remind /ɹəˈmaɪnd/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, fancy /ˈfæn.si/, diagram /ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡɹæm/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, attach /əˈtæt͡ʃ/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come duplicate, mosquito, nucleus.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.