Pratique du Shadowing: Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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In biology, there are often vocabulary terms that sound pretty similar.
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Chromosome.
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Chromatid. Chromatin.
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Transcription.
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Translation.
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Mitosis. Meiosis.
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You probably have encountered this.
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When I was first learning about mitosis and meiosis, I learned them both separately first.
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And then I tried to figure out what was the same about them, what was different, why did they both matter?
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I would try to compare the stages by flipping through images.
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You know what would have helped me?
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A side by side comparison.
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And that’s what this video is.
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We assume you already have a background of mitosis and meiosis---if not take a look at our videos on them---but this video is a side by side comparison.
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Presented in a split screen.
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Mitosis on the left.
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Meiosis on the right.
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Both of these processes, along with the cytokinesis that follows them to split the cytoplasm, are involved in making new cells.
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Mitosis results in body cells.
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Meiosis results in sperm and egg cells, otherwise knows as the fancy term, gametes.
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Before we start mitosis and meiosis, let’s look at what you start with.
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Your starting cell in both mitosis and meiosis is diploid, written here as 2n.
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That means it has 2 sets of chromosomes---in humans, that’s including one set of 23 chromosomes from mom and one set of 23 chromosomes from dad.
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46 chromosomes total in humans.
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During interphase, the cell duplicates the chromosomes.
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When you duplicate 46 chromosomes, you still say there are 46 chromosomes as the newly duplicated portion is still attached at the centromere region---but there are actually 92 chromatids.
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Interphase isn’t part of mitosis or meiosis, but it’s a really important phase because it duplicates chromosomes before we get started.
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Just to point out, it’s really hard to draw 46 chromosomes which is how many humans have.
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We’re going to use 6 chromosomes in our diagrams when we illustrate what’s happening because it’s much easier to draw and visualize.
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Oh and just a fun fact: some insects have 6 chromosomes.
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Like mosquitoes.
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Unfortunately, I am not a fan of mosquitoes.
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But mosquitoes do mitosis and meiosis too.
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When learning the stages, we give the acronym PMAT which is helpful for understanding the stages.
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Both mitosis and meiosis go through these stages, but meiosis goes through them twice and therefore has a number next to each PMAT stage.
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We’re going to show some basic events for each PMAT stage, but please know there is way more detail to explore than what we can include in this quick video.
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Prophase in mitosis.
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Remember that “pro” can mean “before” and this stage comes before the others.
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The chromosomes are visible; in fact, we say they’re condensing which means they are thickening.
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Prophase I in meiosis.
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Happening here too, but the chromosomes are actually going to match up with their homologous pairs.
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The word homologous means that the chromosomes are approximately the same size and that they contain the same types of genes in the same locations.
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With each pair, one came from mom and one came from dad.
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In this formation, chromosomes can transfer their genetic information and exchange it between each other.
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It’s called crossing over!
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It can make for what we call recombinant chromosomes.
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Metaphase in mitosis.
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The nuclear envelope which had surrounded the nucleus was already disassembled before metaphase started.
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For metaphase, I like to remember the M for middle because in this stage the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in a single file line.
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Metaphase I in meiosis.
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The chromosomes are in the middle as well, but they’re still going to be in pairs in the middle of the cell so it’s not a single file line.
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Anaphase in mitosis.
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I like to think as the A is for “away.” The chromatids are pulled away by the work of the spindles.
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They are moving to the opposite sides of the cell.
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Anaphase I in meiosis.
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Same thing but in this case, it’s the chromosomes- not chromatids- being pulled away to opposite sides of the cell.
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Telophase in mitosis and telophase I in meiosis.
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The chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make these two new cells.
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And they are starting to surround the chromosomes on both sides as this will eventually form 2 cells.
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Cytokinesis follows to split the cytoplasm to complete the actual dividing of the cell.
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So at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis, we end with two identical, diploid cells.
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In humans, they would both have 46 chromosomes.
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This is great for organism growth---growing requires making more cells after all---or replacing damaged cells.
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On to meiosis II!
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Prophase II.
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Chromosomes condensing in both cells.
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It’s not going to be as eventful as it was in prophase I because they are not going to have homologous pairs and crossing over.
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Metaphase II.
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M for middle, but this time, the chromosomes are in a single file line.
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Similar to how metaphase looked in mitosis.
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Anaphase II.
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Think A for away.
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This time, though, it’s actually the chromatids that are getting pulled away.
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Telophase II.
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Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make new cells.
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Cytokinesis will follow meiosis II to completely split the cytoplasm.
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We are now finished with meiosis: and we end with four non-identical cells.
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Gametes. Males makes sperm cells in meiosis and females make egg cells in meiosis.
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These gametes are haploid, meaning they have half the number of chromosomes as the original starting cell.
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In the case of humans, the resulting cells would each have 23 chromosomes.
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By the way, when a sperm and egg cell combine, it results into a diploid cell, a fertilized egg otherwise known as a zygote, which will then start a series of divisions using mitosis to give rise to a brand new organism.
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Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious!
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : chromosome, cell, meiosis, mitosis, stage. Cette vidéo contient 82 phrases et 989 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 6:13. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 159 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 77 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| duplicate verbe | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | copier, dupliquer |
| mosquito nom | /məsˈki.toʊ/ | moustique, maringouin |
| nucleus nom | /ˈnuː.kli.əs/ | noyau |
| identical adjectif | /ɪˈdɛntɪkl̩/ | identique |
| surround verbe | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | entourer, cerner |
| organism nom | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organisme |
| compare verbe | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | comparer |
| curious adjectif | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | curieux |
| helpful adjectif | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | utile, serviable |
| newly adverbe | /ˈnuli/ | nouvellement, récemment |
| translation nom | /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/ | traduction, transmission |
| visible adjectif | /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/ | visible |
| remind verbe | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | rappeler à |
| gene nom | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gène |
| genetic adjectif | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | génétique |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| go through verbe | traverser |
| figure out verbe | cerner |
| point out verbe | pointer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are involved · is still attached · was already disassembled |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | chromosomes which is · PMAT which is · condensing which means |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 5 contractions et formes réduites, comme they're, we're, isn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, cytokinesis /ˌsaɪtoʊkɪˈniːsɪs/, cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, homologous /həˈmɒləɡəs/, haploid /ˈhæplɔɪd/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: gene /d͡ʒiːn/, genetic /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, attach /əˈtæt͡ʃ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, curious /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/, translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, remind /ɹəˈmaɪnd/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme duplicate, mosquito, nucleus.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.