Практика Shadowing: Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Выберите режим практики
Каждый режим открывает полноэкранную комнату практики.
82 предложений
Если предложения слишком короткие или длинные, нажмите Edit, чтобы их изменить.
1
In biology, there are often vocabulary terms that sound pretty similar.
2
Chromosome.
3
Chromatid. Chromatin.
4
Transcription.
5
Translation.
6
Mitosis. Meiosis.
7
You probably have encountered this.
8
When I was first learning about mitosis and meiosis, I learned them both separately first.
9
And then I tried to figure out what was the same about them, what was different, why did they both matter?
10
I would try to compare the stages by flipping through images.
11
You know what would have helped me?
12
A side by side comparison.
13
And that’s what this video is.
14
We assume you already have a background of mitosis and meiosis---if not take a look at our videos on them---but this video is a side by side comparison.
15
Presented in a split screen.
16
Mitosis on the left.
17
Meiosis on the right.
18
Both of these processes, along with the cytokinesis that follows them to split the cytoplasm, are involved in making new cells.
19
Mitosis results in body cells.
20
Meiosis results in sperm and egg cells, otherwise knows as the fancy term, gametes.
21
Before we start mitosis and meiosis, let’s look at what you start with.
22
Your starting cell in both mitosis and meiosis is diploid, written here as 2n.
23
That means it has 2 sets of chromosomes---in humans, that’s including one set of 23 chromosomes from mom and one set of 23 chromosomes from dad.
24
46 chromosomes total in humans.
25
During interphase, the cell duplicates the chromosomes.
26
When you duplicate 46 chromosomes, you still say there are 46 chromosomes as the newly duplicated portion is still attached at the centromere region---but there are actually 92 chromatids.
27
Interphase isn’t part of mitosis or meiosis, but it’s a really important phase because it duplicates chromosomes before we get started.
28
Just to point out, it’s really hard to draw 46 chromosomes which is how many humans have.
29
We’re going to use 6 chromosomes in our diagrams when we illustrate what’s happening because it’s much easier to draw and visualize.
30
Oh and just a fun fact: some insects have 6 chromosomes.
31
Like mosquitoes.
32
Unfortunately, I am not a fan of mosquitoes.
33
But mosquitoes do mitosis and meiosis too.
34
When learning the stages, we give the acronym PMAT which is helpful for understanding the stages.
35
Both mitosis and meiosis go through these stages, but meiosis goes through them twice and therefore has a number next to each PMAT stage.
36
We’re going to show some basic events for each PMAT stage, but please know there is way more detail to explore than what we can include in this quick video.
37
Prophase in mitosis.
38
Remember that “pro” can mean “before” and this stage comes before the others.
39
The chromosomes are visible; in fact, we say they’re condensing which means they are thickening.
40
Prophase I in meiosis.
41
Happening here too, but the chromosomes are actually going to match up with their homologous pairs.
42
The word homologous means that the chromosomes are approximately the same size and that they contain the same types of genes in the same locations.
43
With each pair, one came from mom and one came from dad.
44
In this formation, chromosomes can transfer their genetic information and exchange it between each other.
45
It’s called crossing over!
46
It can make for what we call recombinant chromosomes.
47
Metaphase in mitosis.
48
The nuclear envelope which had surrounded the nucleus was already disassembled before metaphase started.
49
For metaphase, I like to remember the M for middle because in this stage the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in a single file line.
50
Metaphase I in meiosis.
51
The chromosomes are in the middle as well, but they’re still going to be in pairs in the middle of the cell so it’s not a single file line.
52
Anaphase in mitosis.
53
I like to think as the A is for “away.” The chromatids are pulled away by the work of the spindles.
54
They are moving to the opposite sides of the cell.
55
Anaphase I in meiosis.
56
Same thing but in this case, it’s the chromosomes- not chromatids- being pulled away to opposite sides of the cell.
57
Telophase in mitosis and telophase I in meiosis.
58
The chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make these two new cells.
59
And they are starting to surround the chromosomes on both sides as this will eventually form 2 cells.
60
Cytokinesis follows to split the cytoplasm to complete the actual dividing of the cell.
61
So at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis, we end with two identical, diploid cells.
62
In humans, they would both have 46 chromosomes.
63
This is great for organism growth---growing requires making more cells after all---or replacing damaged cells.
64
On to meiosis II!
65
Prophase II.
66
Chromosomes condensing in both cells.
67
It’s not going to be as eventful as it was in prophase I because they are not going to have homologous pairs and crossing over.
68
Metaphase II.
69
M for middle, but this time, the chromosomes are in a single file line.
70
Similar to how metaphase looked in mitosis.
71
Anaphase II.
72
Think A for away.
73
This time, though, it’s actually the chromatids that are getting pulled away.
74
Telophase II.
75
Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends and new nuclei are forming on each side to make new cells.
76
Cytokinesis will follow meiosis II to completely split the cytoplasm.
77
We are now finished with meiosis: and we end with four non-identical cells.
78
Gametes. Males makes sperm cells in meiosis and females make egg cells in meiosis.
79
These gametes are haploid, meaning they have half the number of chromosomes as the original starting cell.
80
In the case of humans, the resulting cells would each have 23 chromosomes.
81
By the way, when a sperm and egg cell combine, it results into a diploid cell, a fertilized egg otherwise known as a zygote, which will then start a series of divisions using mitosis to give rise to a brand new organism.
82
Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious!
Скачать приложение
Всё для свободной речи
ИИ-оценка произношенияОценка каждой фразы
Практика IPAОсвойте каждый звук
СловарьСоберите свой словарный запас
Игра со словамиУчитесь играя
Тот же канал
B21
Stroll Through the Playlist (a Biology Review)
Daily ConversationHigh School Students
C12
Endocrine System
Daily ConversationHigh School Students
C1Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply! (Older Video 2016 )
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B2Circulatory System and Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Рекомендуемое видео
C12
799 предложений
Cell Biology | Cell Structure & Function
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
32 предложений
RE2 Unit 9B
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C120
14 предложений
Queen Ant Clones Another Species
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
279 предложений
LET THERE BE... Voltage? | Maxwell's Equation #2 Explained for Beginners
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
685 предложений
Editing Your DNA, with Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Jennifer Doudna
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
177 предложений
Pyruvate Pathways & Metabolism
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
15 предложений
The Menstrual Cycle Explained: A Guide to the 4 Phases & Hormones
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
182 предложений
Thyroid Gland | Anatomy and Embryology | Lobes and Blood supply | Development of the Thyroid Gland
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
40 предложений
The Engineering that Runs the Digital World 🛠️⚙️💻 How do CPUs Work?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
195 предложений
VETERINARY BASICS: How to read a blood test! CBC & Haematology
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C14
153 предложений
The Neuroscience of Love and Attachment: Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Dopamine's Role in Bonding
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
67 предложений
Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison». Чаще всего повторяются слова: chromosome, cell, meiosis, mitosis, stage. В этом видео 82 предложений и 989 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:13. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 159 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 77% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| duplicate глагол | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | де́лать дублика́т, де́лать ко́пию |
| mosquito существительное | /məsˈki.toʊ/ | кома́р, моски́т |
| nucleus существительное | /ˈnuː.kli.əs/ | ядро́, центр |
| identical прилагательное | /ɪˈdɛntɪkl̩/ | иденти́чный, одина́ковый |
| surround глагол | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | окружа́ть, окружи́ть |
| organism существительное | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | органи́зм |
| compare глагол | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | сра́внивать, сравни́ть |
| curious прилагательное | /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/ | любопы́тный, любозна́тельный |
| helpful прилагательное | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | поле́зный, любе́зный |
| newly наречие | /ˈnuli/ | вновь, за́ново |
| translation существительное | /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/ | перево́д, переключе́ние |
| visible прилагательное | /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/ | ви́димый |
| remind глагол | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | напомина́ть, напо́мнить |
| gene существительное | /d͡ʒiːn/ | ген |
| fancy существительное | /ˈfæn.si/ | воображе́ние, фанта́зия |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| pull away глагол | отрыва́ться, оторва́ться |
| figure out глагол | разбира́ться, разобра́ться |
| point out глагол | ука́зывать, указа́ть |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | are involved · is still attached · was already disassembled |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | chromosomes which is · PMAT which is · condensing which means |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 5 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, we're, isn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, visualize /ˈvɪʒuəˌlaɪz/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, cytokinesis /ˌsaɪtoʊkɪˈniːsɪs/, cytoplasm /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, homologous /həˈmɒləɡəs/, haploid /ˈhæplɔɪd/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, remind /ɹəˈmaɪnd/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, chromatid /ˈkɹəʊmətɪd/, anaphase /ˈænəˌfeɪz/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как duplicate, mosquito, nucleus.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.