シャドーイング練習: What causes addiction, and why is it so hard to treat? - Judy Grisel - YouTubeで英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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As of 2021, more than 36 million people worldwide were estimated to be experiencing substance abuse disorder.
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As of 2021, more than 36 million people worldwide were estimated to be experiencing substance abuse disorder.
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This condition spans a spectrum of patterned drug use that causes issues in a person’s life.
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At the more severe end of the spectrum is substance addiction.
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To understand why some people are more susceptible to addiction and why it can be so difficult to treat, let’s take a look at how addictive drugs affect the body.
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When someone repeatedly uses an addictive substance, their brain may adjust to account for its regular presence.
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This is called tolerance; it diminishes the drug’s effect and means more is required to produce the same experience.
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Alcohol, for instance, increases the transmission of chemical messengers like endorphin and GABA, which promote sensations of pleasure and calmness.
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When someone uses alcohol frequently, their brain will adapt to its presence.
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So when they don’t use it, their brain receives fewer signals from those pleasure- and calm-inducing neurotransmitters, which impacts their energy and mood.
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In addition to the unique effects each addictive substance has, all of them alter the release of dopamine in a brain region called the nucleus accumbens.
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This area is part of the brain’s reward pathway, which is sensitive to experiences that give us pleasure and drives us to repeatedly seek them out.
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The reward pathway is essential to our well-being— but addictive substances also exploit it.
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When someone is repeatedly using a substance and their body has adapted to its presence, they may develop dependence where the drug is necessary for them to function comfortably.
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Meanwhile, repeated use can decrease the influence of the brain’s cortex, which is responsible for driving deliberate decision-making and limiting impulsive behaviors.
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And it can increase the influence of the brain’s subcortex, which is crucial in habit-learning and impulsivity.
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Together, these changes can make someone feel a lack of control over how they’re using a substance.
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This can mean suffering in other facets of their life and taking risks to continue using it.
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If the substance leaves their system, their body's equilibrium is disrupted, so they may experience cravings that motivate thoughts and behaviors of seeking and using the drug.
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And if they continue without the substance, they may experience withdrawal.
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Opioids, for example, relieve pain and induce sedation.
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Withdrawal from them causes heightened pain, anxiety, and insomnia.
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The faster a drug reaches the brain and stimulates the reward pathway, the more addictive it is.
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For example, heroin and morphine have similar effects, but heroin’s chemical structure enhances its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and bind to specific receptors.
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This makes it faster acting and more addictive than morphine.
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Meanwhile, compared to nicotine patches and gum, regular and electronic cigarettes are more addictive because smoking and vaping deliver nicotine to the brain fastest.
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Depending on their chemical structure and mode of delivery, drugs vary in how addictive they are— but people also vary in how susceptible they are to substance use disorder.
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Scientists think this is due to a mix of life experiences and genetically inherited traits, though neither predetermines addiction.
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Trauma and mental health conditions appear to make people more susceptible.
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And, overall, using addictive substances before 18 is considered a strong risk factor.
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This is in part because the reward pathways of younger brains are especially sensitive.
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Many of the genetic factors at play remain unknown, but some genes do seem to track with certain substance use disorders.
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For example, specific genes increase the risk for nicotine addiction by making certain receptors more sensitive to nicotine and withdrawal from it more difficult.
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At the same time, some genes actually make people more resistant to substance use disorders, such as genes that slow the breakdown of alcohol, leading to unpleasant side effects that make people less interested in drinking.
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In fact, one drug that treats alcohol use disorder operates with this very mechanism.
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Detoxing from a substance the body has become dependent on can be extremely difficult.
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And in some cases, abruptly quitting can also be physically risky, so it isn’t always advised.
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Beyond detoxing, quitting is often a long-term process.
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It’s aided by treatment plans that prioritize addressing underlying conditions; developing new associations with experiences previously linked with drug use; and creating safe, supportive environments.
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Ultimately, both addiction and recovery are the results of a brain with an incredible ability to adapt from experience.
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本動画のスピーカー、ジュディ・グリセル博士は、依存症のメカニズムや治療の難しさについて深く掘り下げる専門家です。2021年の時点で、世界中で3,600万人以上が物質乱用障害に苦しんでいるとされています。この動画は、依存症についての科学的な理解を深めるだけでなく、それがなぜ治療困難であるかを説明します。依存症についての知識を深めることは、英語のリスニングやスピーキングのスキルを磨く上で非常に役立ちます。
日常会話のためのトップ5フレーズ
- 出典: "As of 2021, more than 36 million people worldwide..."
- 出典: "This is called tolerance; it diminishes the drug’s effect..."
- 出典: "When someone is repeatedly using a substance..."
- 出典: "If the substance leaves their system, their body's equilibrium is disrupted..."
- 出典: "Detoxing from a substance the body has become dependent on can be extremely difficult."
これらのフレーズを通じて、依存症や物質使用障害に関する重要なトピックスを理解する手助けがします。また、英語での表現を強化するためには、これらのフレーズを暗記し、日常会話で使う練習をすると良いでしょう。YouTubeで英語学習をする際には、このようなフレーズを取り入れてより実践的な語彙を増やしましょう。
ステップバイステップシャドーイングガイド
この動画の内容をより良く理解し、英語スピーキング練習を行うためには、以下のステップを試してみてください。
- 1. 視聴する: まず動画を通して視聴し、全体の流れを把握します。
- 2. フレーズを分解する: 特に興味深いフレーズや表現を抜き出し、それを音声と一緒に聞きます。
- 3. シャドーイングを行う: 動画の各セクションを停止し、スピーカーの後に続いて発音練習を行います。英語シャドーイングを通じて、リズムやイントネーションを学ぶことができます。
- 4. 自分の声を録音する: 自分の発音を録音し、元の音声と比較しながら改善点を見つけます。
- 5. 繰り返す: このプロセスを繰り返すことで、より自然な発音と流暢さを得られます。
これらのステップは、shadowing siteを利用する際にも有効です。動画を利用した英語シャドーイングは効果的な練習方法であり、実際の会話に近い環境で英語を学ぶことができます。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。