跟读练习: What causes addiction, and why is it so hard to treat? - Judy Grisel - 通过YouTube学习英语口语
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As of 2021, more than 36 million people worldwide were estimated to be experiencing substance abuse disorder.
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As of 2021, more than 36 million people worldwide were estimated to be experiencing substance abuse disorder.
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This condition spans a spectrum of patterned drug use that causes issues in a person’s life.
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At the more severe end of the spectrum is substance addiction.
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To understand why some people are more susceptible to addiction and why it can be so difficult to treat, let’s take a look at how addictive drugs affect the body.
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When someone repeatedly uses an addictive substance, their brain may adjust to account for its regular presence.
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This is called tolerance; it diminishes the drug’s effect and means more is required to produce the same experience.
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Alcohol, for instance, increases the transmission of chemical messengers like endorphin and GABA, which promote sensations of pleasure and calmness.
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When someone uses alcohol frequently, their brain will adapt to its presence.
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So when they don’t use it, their brain receives fewer signals from those pleasure- and calm-inducing neurotransmitters, which impacts their energy and mood.
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In addition to the unique effects each addictive substance has, all of them alter the release of dopamine in a brain region called the nucleus accumbens.
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This area is part of the brain’s reward pathway, which is sensitive to experiences that give us pleasure and drives us to repeatedly seek them out.
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The reward pathway is essential to our well-being— but addictive substances also exploit it.
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When someone is repeatedly using a substance and their body has adapted to its presence, they may develop dependence where the drug is necessary for them to function comfortably.
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Meanwhile, repeated use can decrease the influence of the brain’s cortex, which is responsible for driving deliberate decision-making and limiting impulsive behaviors.
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And it can increase the influence of the brain’s subcortex, which is crucial in habit-learning and impulsivity.
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Together, these changes can make someone feel a lack of control over how they’re using a substance.
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This can mean suffering in other facets of their life and taking risks to continue using it.
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If the substance leaves their system, their body's equilibrium is disrupted, so they may experience cravings that motivate thoughts and behaviors of seeking and using the drug.
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And if they continue without the substance, they may experience withdrawal.
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Opioids, for example, relieve pain and induce sedation.
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Withdrawal from them causes heightened pain, anxiety, and insomnia.
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The faster a drug reaches the brain and stimulates the reward pathway, the more addictive it is.
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For example, heroin and morphine have similar effects, but heroin’s chemical structure enhances its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and bind to specific receptors.
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This makes it faster acting and more addictive than morphine.
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Meanwhile, compared to nicotine patches and gum, regular and electronic cigarettes are more addictive because smoking and vaping deliver nicotine to the brain fastest.
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Depending on their chemical structure and mode of delivery, drugs vary in how addictive they are— but people also vary in how susceptible they are to substance use disorder.
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Scientists think this is due to a mix of life experiences and genetically inherited traits, though neither predetermines addiction.
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Trauma and mental health conditions appear to make people more susceptible.
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And, overall, using addictive substances before 18 is considered a strong risk factor.
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This is in part because the reward pathways of younger brains are especially sensitive.
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Many of the genetic factors at play remain unknown, but some genes do seem to track with certain substance use disorders.
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For example, specific genes increase the risk for nicotine addiction by making certain receptors more sensitive to nicotine and withdrawal from it more difficult.
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At the same time, some genes actually make people more resistant to substance use disorders, such as genes that slow the breakdown of alcohol, leading to unpleasant side effects that make people less interested in drinking.
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In fact, one drug that treats alcohol use disorder operates with this very mechanism.
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Detoxing from a substance the body has become dependent on can be extremely difficult.
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And in some cases, abruptly quitting can also be physically risky, so it isn’t always advised.
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Beyond detoxing, quitting is often a long-term process.
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It’s aided by treatment plans that prioritize addressing underlying conditions; developing new associations with experiences previously linked with drug use; and creating safe, supportive environments.
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Ultimately, both addiction and recovery are the results of a brain with an incredible ability to adapt from experience.
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本课概述
在本课中，学习者将深入探讨成瘾的原因以及治疗成瘾的困难。通过观看 Judy Grisel 的视频，您将了解成瘾如何影响大脑，为什么某些人对药物使用障碍更加敏感，以及如何通过科学理解这一现象来改善自己的英语口语能力。本课将帮助您在英语中掌握与成瘾相关的词汇，并通过影子跟读提升您的发音和听力技巧。让我们一起学习如何在日常生活中应用这些知识，提升您的英语流利度！
关键词汇与短语
- 成瘾 (Addiction) - 一种长期依赖某种物质的状态。
- 药物使用障碍 (Substance use disorder) - 描述对药物使用影响生活的状况。
- 耐受性 (Tolerance) - 对药物需要更高剂量才能产生相同效果的现象。
- 多巴胺 (Dopamine) - 影响愉悦感和奖励机制的神经递质。
- 戒断 (Withdrawal) - 停止使用成瘾物质后，身体出现不适的反应。
- 奖励通路 (Reward pathway) - 大脑中处理愉悦和奖励的区域。
- 冲动控制 (Impulsivity) - 决策时抗拒冲动行为的能力。
练习技巧
为了有效提高您的英语口语练习能力，建议您在观看视频时采用以下练习技巧：
- 首先，尝试shadow speak，也就是跟随视频音频的节奏，大声重复每一个句子。这有助于提高您的语速和发音。
- 注意讲者的语调和重音。Judy Grisel 的讲话比较缓和，可以帮助您练习在不同情境下的语气变化。
- 将关键词汇加入您的日常对话练习中。比如，讨论关于成瘾的问题时，积极使用“耐受性”和“戒断”等词汇。
- 利用看YouTube学英语的方式，多次观看相同的视频，在听懂的基础上进行逐句模仿。
- 平时可以录下自己的声音与视频做对比，以便找出需要改进的地方。
通过这些方法，您将在学习中不断提升自己的英语口语能力，享受应用语言的乐趣！
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。