シャドーイング練習: What If You Lit a Match on Jupiter, Would The Planet Explode? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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What do you think of when you hear the word giant?
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Niagara Falls, Mount Everest, or maybe the Andromeda galaxy?
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There are four planets in our solar system that are called giants.
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The largest of them is Jupiter.
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To understand its size, imagine this.
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All the inner planets, namely
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Mercury, Venus, Mars, and our native
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Earth, are only 0.4% of the mass of all the planets in the solar system.
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Do you know how much of the total mass went to Jupiter?
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71%.
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That is, Jupiter is many times more massive than any other object in our planetary system.
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But the most interesting thing is that
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Jupiter is a ready-made thermonuclear bomb of monstrous power, and not just a piece of stone hanging in space.
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This means it remains to be blown up properly.
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The planet belongs to the so-called gas giants.
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It's mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, just like our sun, which burns due to continuous thermonuclear reactions.
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What if such a reaction were triggered on Jupiter?
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If we ignited the combustible gases and dust in Jupiter's atmosphere with an ordinary match,
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would the planet be engulfed in universal flames and would there be an explosion?
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In fact, in the atmosphere of Jupiter, about 250,000 such matches are lit every second.
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Or rather, meteors.
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They're attracted to the planet from space and burn up in the atmosphere.
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But this doesn't lead to ignition, because there's no free oxygen on the gas giant.
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And fire doesn't burn without oxygen.
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Try lighting a candle and covering it tightly with a glass flask.
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You'll notice that after a few seconds, it goes out.
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Because all the oxygen in the flask simply burns up.
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Hydrogen, which makes up almost 90% of the planet, is explosive only in the presence of oxygen.
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So we can't start a thermonuclear reaction with a normal match.
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Jupiter simply doesn't have the kind of fire we're used to seeing on Earth.
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If it could be set on fire, small meteors would have done so long ago.
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But matches aren't the most technologically advanced invention of mankind.
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We could try to start a thermonuclear reaction with something more powerful.
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For example, a nuclear bomb.
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In fact, we don't need to detonate a bomb on Jupiter to know what would happen.
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Over the past 30 years, the planet has experienced such terrible disasters.
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Even the most powerful nuclear warhead on Earth wouldn't be able to repeat them.
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In 1994, astronomers, for the first time in history,
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were able to record the collision of a large cosmic body with a planet in the solar system.
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From the 16th to the 22nd of July, a veritable apocalypse was taking place on Jupiter.
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21 fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit the gas giant, causing severe surface disturbances.
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In less than a week, the southern hemisphere of Jupiter was covered with traces of collisions.
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The biggest disaster occurred on the morning of July 18th, after the largest fragment of the comet hit,
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A dark spot with a diameter of 7,500 miles appeared on the planet.
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This is only 450 miles less than the diameter of the Earth.
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However, Jupiter was unharmed.
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Astronomers observed explosions of up to 6 million megatons.
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This is 750 times more powerful than an explosion of all the nuclear weapons that man has managed to create.
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But the traces of the disaster disappeared from the surface of the giant planet within a week.
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This isn't the only case of a bombardment of the surface of Jupiter by cosmic bodies.
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In the year 2009, another object, presumably a comet, collided with the planet.
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The impact caused a dark spot the size of the Pacific Ocean to appear on the surface.
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But even this wasn't enough to start a chain thermonuclear reaction.
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So, even if we sent all the nuclear bombs to Jupiter and detonated them, there would be no apocalypse.
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However, there is one but.
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There's a theory on the explosion of giant planets.
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It says that humans could destroy
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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune with their own hands.
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If you organized a nuclear explosion not on the surface of the planet,
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but deep inside it, you could start a chain thermonuclear reaction.
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With that, after the explosion of Jupiter, humanity, in theory, would come to an end.
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It's all about metallic hydrogen, which is stored under monstrous pressure in the bowels of giant planets.
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If you're tormented by the question of what the ecological fuel of the future may be, the answer can be found inside hydrogen planets.
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The fact is that during the transition of solid hydrogen to the usual molecular phase,
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about 20 times more energy is released than when it's burned.
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Having a very small fuel block of metallic hydrogen, it would be possible to provide energy to a whole house for several years.
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A future where terminators live on self-sufficiently for hundreds of years may become a reality.
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Although the existence of metallic hydrogen was predicted as early as the 1930s,
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it was only possible to obtain it in extremely small quantities in 2016 by scientists at Harvard University.
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However, their achievement was rather coldly received in the scientific community.
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It was only recently that French physicists confirmed that solid hydrogen exists and can be produced on Earth.
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However, for this, we have to create a pressure of 4 million atmospheres.
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Let's go back to the explosion of Jupiter.
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On September 21, 2003, NASA decided to sink the Galileo space probe into the planet's atmosphere.
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On board the spacecraft were 26 pounds of radioactive plutonium-238,
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though it only takes 22 pounds to start a chain reaction.
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According to unconfirmed reports, an explosion occurred inside
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Jupiter, which left a large black spot on its surface.
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This is according to the American writer Richard Hoagland.
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But, in fact, as NASA says, the shadow of the satellite fell into the frame of the telescope,
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and it has nothing to do with the explosion.
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At the same time, Richard himself is a supporter of various conspiracy theories, and often publishes provocative articles.
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So draw your own conclusions.
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In reality, Jupiter could still be blown up.
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However, to do this, you would need to send a nuclear bomb the size of the moon to its core.
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And purely hypothetically, a self-sustaining thermonuclear fusion reaction could occur.
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From such an explosion, the gas giant would simply be blown apart, and there would be a large-scale catastrophe for the entire solar system.
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Jupiter's explosion would be similar to a supernova explosion, but on a smaller scale.
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A huge amount of thermal energy
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and radiation would be released into outer space solar wind currents would be disrupted
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and most planets would permanently change their orbits the earth as we know
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it would cease to exist after the explosion
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we would lose the ozone layer along with the rest of the atmosphere
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and inevitably die from cosmic radiation
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and in the sky for a long time the consequences of the explosion would be visible to the naked eye
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but there would be no one to see the spectacle.
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Only one question remains.
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If Jupiter has so much hydrogen, why doesn't it turn into a star instead of remaining a planet?
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This is because the mass of the gas giant remains too small for such a transformation.
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Hydrogen in stars is in a plasma state.
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That is, it's heated to extreme temperatures due to reactions in the core.
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Jupiter could be a star if it were 80 times larger.
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Then the temperature inside the planet would reach 18 million degrees Fahrenheit, and we would see another bright star in the sky.
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One thing we know for sure, in our lifetime, no matter how hard we try, we won't be able to blow up Jupiter.
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Therefore, don't be afraid to leave the house because of a supernova explosion.
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It's better to wait until dark, take a small telescope
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and look at the largest planet in the solar system with your own eyes and as always thank you for watching
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「What If You Lit a Match on Jupiter, Would The Planet Explode?」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：Jupiter, planet, explosion, hydrogen, giant。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が106文、単語が1327語あります。 音声の長さは9:54です。 話す速さは1分あたり約134語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は78%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| explosion 名詞 | /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/ | 爆発 |
| hydrogen 名詞 | /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ | 水素 |
| atmosphere 名詞 | /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ | 大気, 大気圏 |
| oxygen 名詞 | /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/ | 酸素 |
| occur 動詞 | /əˈkɜː/ | 起こる, 起る |
| disaster 名詞 | /dɪˈzɑːs.təː/ | 災害, 天災 |
| metallic 形容詞 | /məˈtæl.ɪk/ | メタリック |
| cosmic 形容詞 | /ˈkɑz.mɪk/ | 宇宙の |
| comet 名詞 | /ˈkɒmɪt/ | 彗星, 箒星 |
| radiation 名詞 | /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ | 放射, 輻射 |
| trace 名詞 | /tɹeɪs/ | 跡, 痕跡 |
| diameter 名詞 | /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/ | 直径 |
| collision 名詞 | /kəˈlɪʒn̩/ | 衝突 |
| telescope 名詞 | /ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/ | 望遠鏡, テレスコープ |
| apocalypse 名詞 | /əˈpɑkəlɪps/ | 黙示 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| blow up 動詞 | 爆破する, 爆発する |
| go out 動詞 | 出る |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | are called · be blown · were triggered |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | has experienced · has managed |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | Hydrogen, which makes · hydrogen, which is |
注意したい発音
話し手はdoesn't, don't, aren'tなど、短縮形や弱形を16回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: thermal /ˈθɜːməl/, thermonuclear /ˌθɜɹ.moʊˈn(j)uk.li.əɹ/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, collision /kəˈlɪʒn̩/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, shadow /ˈʃædəʊ̯/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, diameter /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/, apocalypse /əˈpɑkəlɪps/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, molecular /məˈlɛk.jə.ləɹ/, purely /ˈpjʊɹli/, presumably /pɹɪˈzuːməbli/, planetary /ˈplænɪˌtɛəri/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/, achievement /əˈt͡ʃiːv.mənt/, observe /əbˈzɜːv/, invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: atmosphere /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, confirm /kənˈfɝm/, lifetime /ˈlaɪf.taɪm/, transformation /ˌtɹæns.fɔɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。explosion, hydrogen, atmosphereなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。