Shadowing Practice: What If You Lit a Match on Jupiter, Would The Planet Explode? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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107 משפטים
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What do you think of when you hear the word giant?
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Niagara Falls, Mount Everest, or maybe the Andromeda galaxy?
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There are four planets in our solar system that are called giants.
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The largest of them is Jupiter.
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To understand its size, imagine this.
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All the inner planets, namely
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Mercury, Venus, Mars, and our native
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Earth, are only 0.4% of the mass of all the planets in the solar system.
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Do you know how much of the total mass went to Jupiter?
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71%.
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That is, Jupiter is many times more massive than any other object in our planetary system.
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But the most interesting thing is that
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Jupiter is a ready-made thermonuclear bomb of monstrous power, and not just a piece of stone hanging in space.
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This means it remains to be blown up properly.
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The planet belongs to the so-called gas giants.
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It's mainly composed of hydrogen and helium, just like our sun, which burns due to continuous thermonuclear reactions.
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What if such a reaction were triggered on Jupiter?
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If we ignited the combustible gases and dust in Jupiter's atmosphere with an ordinary match,
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would the planet be engulfed in universal flames and would there be an explosion?
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In fact, in the atmosphere of Jupiter, about 250,000 such matches are lit every second.
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Or rather, meteors.
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They're attracted to the planet from space and burn up in the atmosphere.
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But this doesn't lead to ignition, because there's no free oxygen on the gas giant.
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And fire doesn't burn without oxygen.
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Try lighting a candle and covering it tightly with a glass flask.
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You'll notice that after a few seconds, it goes out.
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Because all the oxygen in the flask simply burns up.
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Hydrogen, which makes up almost 90% of the planet, is explosive only in the presence of oxygen.
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So we can't start a thermonuclear reaction with a normal match.
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Jupiter simply doesn't have the kind of fire we're used to seeing on Earth.
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If it could be set on fire, small meteors would have done so long ago.
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But matches aren't the most technologically advanced invention of mankind.
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We could try to start a thermonuclear reaction with something more powerful.
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For example, a nuclear bomb.
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In fact, we don't need to detonate a bomb on Jupiter to know what would happen.
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Over the past 30 years, the planet has experienced such terrible disasters.
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Even the most powerful nuclear warhead on Earth wouldn't be able to repeat them.
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In 1994, astronomers, for the first time in history,
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were able to record the collision of a large cosmic body with a planet in the solar system.
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From the 16th to the 22nd of July, a veritable apocalypse was taking place on Jupiter.
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21 fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit the gas giant, causing severe surface disturbances.
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In less than a week, the southern hemisphere of Jupiter was covered with traces of collisions.
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The biggest disaster occurred on the morning of July 18th, after the largest fragment of the comet hit,
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A dark spot with a diameter of 7,500 miles appeared on the planet.
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This is only 450 miles less than the diameter of the Earth.
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However, Jupiter was unharmed.
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Astronomers observed explosions of up to 6 million megatons.
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This is 750 times more powerful than an explosion of all the nuclear weapons that man has managed to create.
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But the traces of the disaster disappeared from the surface of the giant planet within a week.
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This isn't the only case of a bombardment of the surface of Jupiter by cosmic bodies.
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In the year 2009, another object, presumably a comet, collided with the planet.
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The impact caused a dark spot the size of the Pacific Ocean to appear on the surface.
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But even this wasn't enough to start a chain thermonuclear reaction.
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So, even if we sent all the nuclear bombs to Jupiter and detonated them, there would be no apocalypse.
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However, there is one but.
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There's a theory on the explosion of giant planets.
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It says that humans could destroy
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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune with their own hands.
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If you organized a nuclear explosion not on the surface of the planet,
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but deep inside it, you could start a chain thermonuclear reaction.
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With that, after the explosion of Jupiter, humanity, in theory, would come to an end.
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It's all about metallic hydrogen, which is stored under monstrous pressure in the bowels of giant planets.
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If you're tormented by the question of what the ecological fuel of the future may be, the answer can be found inside hydrogen planets.
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The fact is that during the transition of solid hydrogen to the usual molecular phase,
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about 20 times more energy is released than when it's burned.
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Having a very small fuel block of metallic hydrogen, it would be possible to provide energy to a whole house for several years.
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A future where terminators live on self-sufficiently for hundreds of years may become a reality.
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Although the existence of metallic hydrogen was predicted as early as the 1930s,
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it was only possible to obtain it in extremely small quantities in 2016 by scientists at Harvard University.
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However, their achievement was rather coldly received in the scientific community.
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It was only recently that French physicists confirmed that solid hydrogen exists and can be produced on Earth.
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However, for this, we have to create a pressure of 4 million atmospheres.
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Let's go back to the explosion of Jupiter.
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On September 21, 2003, NASA decided to sink the Galileo space probe into the planet's atmosphere.
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On board the spacecraft were 26 pounds of radioactive plutonium-238,
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though it only takes 22 pounds to start a chain reaction.
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According to unconfirmed reports, an explosion occurred inside
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Jupiter, which left a large black spot on its surface.
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This is according to the American writer Richard Hoagland.
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But, in fact, as NASA says, the shadow of the satellite fell into the frame of the telescope,
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and it has nothing to do with the explosion.
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At the same time, Richard himself is a supporter of various conspiracy theories, and often publishes provocative articles.
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So draw your own conclusions.
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In reality, Jupiter could still be blown up.
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However, to do this, you would need to send a nuclear bomb the size of the moon to its core.
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And purely hypothetically, a self-sustaining thermonuclear fusion reaction could occur.
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From such an explosion, the gas giant would simply be blown apart, and there would be a large-scale catastrophe for the entire solar system.
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Jupiter's explosion would be similar to a supernova explosion, but on a smaller scale.
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A huge amount of thermal energy
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and radiation would be released into outer space solar wind currents would be disrupted
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and most planets would permanently change their orbits the earth as we know
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it would cease to exist after the explosion
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we would lose the ozone layer along with the rest of the atmosphere
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and inevitably die from cosmic radiation
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and in the sky for a long time the consequences of the explosion would be visible to the naked eye
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but there would be no one to see the spectacle.
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Only one question remains.
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If Jupiter has so much hydrogen, why doesn't it turn into a star instead of remaining a planet?
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This is because the mass of the gas giant remains too small for such a transformation.
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Hydrogen in stars is in a plasma state.
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That is, it's heated to extreme temperatures due to reactions in the core.
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Jupiter could be a star if it were 80 times larger.
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Then the temperature inside the planet would reach 18 million degrees Fahrenheit, and we would see another bright star in the sky.
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One thing we know for sure, in our lifetime, no matter how hard we try, we won't be able to blow up Jupiter.
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Therefore, don't be afraid to leave the house because of a supernova explosion.
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It's better to wait until dark, take a small telescope
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and look at the largest planet in the solar system with your own eyes and as always thank you for watching
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה מבוסס על הסרטון “What If You Lit a Match on Jupiter, Would The Planet Explode?”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: Jupiter, planet, explosion, hydrogen, giant. בסרטון הזה יש 106 משפטים ו-1327 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 9:54. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-134 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. רק 78% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 מילים מהסרטון שכדאי ללמוד, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| explosion שם עצם | /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/ | פִּיצוּץ |
| hydrogen שם עצם | /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ | מֵימָן |
| atmosphere שם עצם | /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ | אטמוספירה \ אַטְמוֹסְפֶרָה |
| oxygen שם עצם | /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/ | חַמְצָן |
| disaster שם עצם | /dɪˈzɑːs.təː/ | אָסוֹן |
| metallic שם תואר | /məˈtæl.ɪk/ | מתכתי |
| cosmic שם תואר | /ˈkɑz.mɪk/ | קוֹסְמִי |
| comet שם עצם | /ˈkɒmɪt/ | שָׁבִיט, כּוֹכַב שָׁבִיט |
| diameter שם עצם | /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/ | קוטר |
| collision שם עצם | /kəˈlɪʒn̩/ | הִתנַגְשׁוּת |
| telescope שם עצם | /ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/ | טֶלֶסְקוֹפּ |
| apocalypse שם עצם | /əˈpɑkəlɪps/ | אחרית הימים, אַפּוֹקַלִיפְּסָה |
| fragment שם עצם | /ˈfɹæɡmənt/ | פָּרוּר, רְסִיס |
| meteor שם עצם | /ˈmiːtiɚ/ | מֶטֶאוֹר |
| universal שם תואר | /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/ | עולמי |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| blow up פועל | פוצץ, התפוצץ |
| go out פועל | יָצָא |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | are called · be blown · were triggered |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | has experienced · has managed |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | Hydrogen, which makes · hydrogen, which is |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-16 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו doesn't, don't, aren't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: thermal /ˈθɜːməl/, thermonuclear /ˌθɜɹ.moʊˈn(j)uk.li.əɹ/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, collision /kəˈlɪʒn̩/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, shadow /ˈʃædəʊ̯/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, diameter /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/, apocalypse /əˈpɑkəlɪps/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, quantity /ˈkwɑn(t)ɪti/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: atmosphere /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/, metallic /məˈtæl.ɪk/, diameter /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, atmosphere /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, trace /tɹeɪs/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו explosion, hydrogen, atmosphere.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.