쉐도잉 연습: POLITICAL THEORY - Karl Marx - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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What is capitalism?

Most people agree that we need to improve our economic system somehow.

Yet we're also often keen to dismiss the ideas of capitalism's most famous and ambitious critic, Karl Marx.

This isn't very surprising.

In practice, his political and economic ideas have been used to design disastrously planned economies and nasty dictatorships.

Nevertheless, we shouldn't reject Marx too quickly.

We ought to see him as a guide whose diagnosis of capitalism's ills helps us to navigate towards a more promising future.

Capitalism is going to have to be reformed, and Marx's analyses are going to be part of any answer.

Marx was born in 1818 in Trier in Germany.

Soon he became involved with the Communist Party, a tiny group of intellectuals advocating for the overthrow of the class system and the abolition of private property.

He worked as a journalist and had to flee Germany, eventually settling in London.

Marx wrote an enormous number of books and articles, sometimes with his friend Friedrich Engels.

Mostly, Marx wrote about capitalism, the type of economy that dominates the Western world.

It was, in his day, still getting going, and Marx was one of its most intelligent and perceptive critics.

These were some of the problems he identified with it.

Modern work is alienated.

One of Marx's greatest insights is that work can be one of the sources of our greatest joys.

But in order to be fulfilled at work, Marx wrote that workers need to see themselves in the objects they have created.

Think of the person who built this chair.

It's straightforward, strong, honest and elegant.

It's an example of how, at its best, labour offers us a chance to externalise what's good inside us.

but this is increasingly rare in the modern world.

Part of the problem is that modern work is incredibly specialized.

Specialized jobs make the modern economy highly efficient.

But they also mean

that it's seldom possible for any one worker to derive a

sense of the genuine contribution they might be making to the real needs of humanity.

Marx argued that modern work leads to alienation, entfremdung.

In other words, a feeling of disconnection between what you do all day

and who you feel you really are and what you think you'd ideally be able to contribute to existence.

Modern work is insecure.

Capitalism makes the human being utterly expendable, just one factor among others in the forces of production

and one that can ruthlessly be let go the minute costs rise or savings can be made through technology.

And yet, as Marx knew, deep inside each of us, we don't want to be arbitrarily let go, we're terrified of being abandoned.

Communism isn't just an economic theory.

Understood emotionally, it expresses a deep-seated longing that we always have a place in the world's heart, that we will not be cast out.

Workers get paid little while capitalists get rich.

This is perhaps the most obvious qualm that Marx had with capitalism.

In particular, he He believed

that capitalists shrink the wages of the labourers as much as possible in order to skim off a wide profit margin.

He called this primitive accumulation, ursprüngliche accumulation.

Whereas capitalists see profit as a reward for ingenuity and technological talent, Marx was far more damning.

Profit is simply theft, and what you're stealing is the talent and hard work of your workforce.

However much one dresses up the fundamentals, Marx insists that at its crudest,

capitalism means paying a worker one price for doing something and then selling it to somebody else at a much higher price.

Profit is the fancy term for exploitation.

Capitalism is very unstable.

Marx proposed that capitalist systems are characterised by a series of crises.

Every crisis is dressed up by capitalists as being somehow freakish and rare and soon to be the last one.

Far from it, argued Marx.

Crises are endemic to capitalism and they're caused by something rather odd.

The fact that we're able to produce too much, far more than anyone needs to consume.

Capitalist crises are crises of abundance rather than, as in the past, crises of shortage.

Our factories and systems are so efficient we could give everyone on this planet a car, a house, access to a decent school and a hospital.

And that's what so enraged Marx but also made him so hopeful too.

Few of us actually need to work because the modern economy is so productive.

But rather than seeing this need not to work as the freedom it is, we complain about it masochistically and describe it by a pejorative word, unemployment.

We should call it freedom.

There's so much unemployment for a good and deeply admirable reason, because we're so good at making things efficiently.

We're not all needed at the coal face.

But in that case, we should, thought Marx, make leisure admirable.

We should redistribute the wealth of the massive corporations that make so much surplus money and give it to everyone.

This is in its own way as beautiful a dream as Jesus' promise of heaven, but a good deal more realistic sounding.

Capitalism is bad for capitalists.

Marx didn't think that capitalists were evil.

For example, he was acutely aware of the sorrows and secret agonies that lay behind bourgeois marriage.

Marx argued that marriage was actually an extension of business and that the bourgeois family was fraught with tension,

oppression and resentment, with people staying together not for love but for financial reasons.

Marx believed that the capitalist system forces everyone to put economic interests at the heart of their lives, so that they can no longer know deep, honest relationships.

He called this psychological tendency commodity fetishism, varen fetishismus, because it makes us value things that have no objective value.

He wanted people to be freed from financial constraint so that they could at last start to make sensible, healthy choices in their relationships.

The 20th century feminist answer to the oppression of women has been to argue

that women should simply be able to go out to work.

But Marx's answer was more subtle.

This feminist insistence merely perpetuates human slavery.

The point isn't that women should imitate the sufferings of their male colleagues, it's that men and women should have the permanent option to enjoy leisure.

Why don't we all think a bit more like Marx?

An important aspect of Marx's work is that he proposes that there's an insidious, subtle way in which the economic system colours the sort of ideas that we end up having.

The economy generates what Marx termed an ideology.

A capitalist society is one where most people, rich and poor, believe all sorts of things that are really just value judgements that relate back to the economic system.

For example, that a person who doesn't work is worthless, that leisure beyond a few weeks a year is sinful,

that more belongings will make us happier and that worthwhile things and people will invariably make money.

In short, one of the biggest evils of capitalism is not that there are corrupt people at the top, this is true in any human hierarchy,

but that capitalist ideas teach all of us to be anxious, competitive, conformist and politically complacent.

Marx didn't only outline what was wrong with capitalism, we also get glimpses of what Marx wanted the ideal utopian future to be like.

In his Communist Manifesto, he describes a world without private property or inherited wealth, with a steeply graduated income tax, centralised control of the banking,

communication and transport industries, and free public education.

Marx also expected that communist society would allow people to develop lots of different sides of their natures.

In communist society, it's possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening,

criticise after dinner, just as I have a mind without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic.

After Marx moved to London, he was supported by his friend and intellectual partner Friedrich Engels, a wealthy man whose father owned a cotton plant in Manchester.

Engels covered Marx's debts and made sure his works were published.

Capitalism paid for communism.

The two men even wrote each other adoring poetry.

Marx was not a well-regarded or popular intellectual in his day.

Respectable, conventional people of Marx's day would have laughed at the idea that his ideas could remake the world.

Yet, just a few decades later, they did.

His writings became the keystone for some of the most important ideological movements of the 20th century.

But Marx was like a brilliant doctor in the early days of medicine.

100

He could recognize the nature of the disease, although he had no idea how to go about curing it.

101

At this point in history, we should all be Marxists in the sense of agreeing with his diagnosis of our troubles.

102

But we need to go out and find the cures that really will work.

103

As Marx himself declared, and we deeply agree, philosophers until now have only interpreted the world in various ways.

104

The point, however, is to change it.

105

Thank you.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 C1 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “POLITICAL THEORY - Karl Marx”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: Marx, capitalism, capitalist, modern, economic. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 105개와 단어 1537개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 9:20입니다. 화자는 분당 약 165단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 77%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
capitalism 명사	/ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/	자본주의
capitalist 명사	/ˈkæp.ɪ.tə.lɪst/	자본가
leisure 명사	/ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/	여가
admirable 명사	/ˈæd.məɹ.ə.bəl/	칭찬할 만한, 감탄할 만한
oppression 명사	/əˈpɹɛʃən/	압박, 압제
communism 명사	/ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/	공산주의
fetishism 명사		페티시즘
fisherman 명사	/ˈfɪʃ.ɚ.mən/	낚시꾼, 어부
herdsman 명사		목자
imitate 동사	/ˈɪmɪteɪt/	흉내내다, 본뜨다
keystone 명사	/ˈkiː.stəʊn/	쐐기돌
pejorative 형용사	/pɪˈd͡ʒoɹətɪv/	경멸어, 경멸적인
resentment 명사	/ɹɪˈzɛnt.mənt/	원망
overthrow 동사	/ˌoʊvɚˈθɹoʊ/	전복(顚覆)하다, 무너뜨리다
seldom 부사	/ˈsɛldəm/	좀체로…않게, 드물게

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	뜻
go out 동사	나가다

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	be reformed · was born · is alienated
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	have been · have created · has been
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	person who built · person who doesn

주의할 발음

화자는 we're, isn't, didn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 17번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“th” 소리: ruthlessly /ˈɹuːθ.ləs.li/, overthrow /ˌoʊvɚˈθɹoʊ/, worthwhile /ˌwɜː(ɹ)θˈwaɪl/, worthless /ˈwɜːθ.ləs/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: leisure /ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, accumulation /əˌkjuːm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/, oppression /əˈpɹɛʃən/, alienation /ˌeɪli.əˈneɪʃən/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: capitalism /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/, capitalist /ˈkæp.ɪ.tə.lɪst/, admirable /ˈæd.məɹ.ə.bəl/, accumulation /əˌkjuːm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/, alienate /ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: conformist /kənˈfɔɹ.mɪst/, fisherman /ˈfɪʃ.ɚ.mən/, freakish /ˈfɹiːkɪʃ/, terrify /ˈtɛɹɪfaɪ/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: invariably /ɪnˈvɛɹ.i.ə.bli/, pejorative /pɪˈd͡ʒoɹətɪv/, perceptive /pɚˈsɛptɪv/, derive /dɪˈɹaɪv/, overthrow /ˌoʊvɚˈθɹoʊ/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: capitalism /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, communism /ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/, disastrously /dɪˈzæs.tɹəs.li/, resentment /ɹɪˈzɛnt.mənt/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, capitalism, capitalist, leisure 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: POLITICAL THEORY - Karl Marx - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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