跟读练习: POLITICAL THEORY - Karl Marx - 通过视频学习英语口语
选择练习模式
每种模式都会打开全屏练习室。
105 句
如果句子过短或过长，请点击 Edit 进行调整。
1
What is capitalism?
2
Most people agree that we need to improve our economic system somehow.
3
Yet we're also often keen to dismiss the ideas of capitalism's most famous and ambitious critic, Karl Marx.
4
This isn't very surprising.
5
In practice, his political and economic ideas have been used to design disastrously planned economies and nasty dictatorships.
6
Nevertheless, we shouldn't reject Marx too quickly.
7
We ought to see him as a guide whose diagnosis of capitalism's ills helps us to navigate towards a more promising future.
8
Capitalism is going to have to be reformed, and Marx's analyses are going to be part of any answer.
9
Marx was born in 1818 in Trier in Germany.
10
Soon he became involved with the Communist Party, a tiny group of intellectuals advocating for the overthrow of the class system and the abolition of private property.
11
He worked as a journalist and had to flee Germany, eventually settling in London.
12
Marx wrote an enormous number of books and articles, sometimes with his friend Friedrich Engels.
13
Mostly, Marx wrote about capitalism, the type of economy that dominates the Western world.
14
It was, in his day, still getting going, and Marx was one of its most intelligent and perceptive critics.
15
These were some of the problems he identified with it.
16
Modern work is alienated.
17
One of Marx's greatest insights is that work can be one of the sources of our greatest joys.
18
But in order to be fulfilled at work, Marx wrote that workers need to see themselves in the objects they have created.
19
Think of the person who built this chair.
20
It's straightforward, strong, honest and elegant.
21
It's an example of how, at its best, labour offers us a chance to externalise what's good inside us.
22
but this is increasingly rare in the modern world.
23
Part of the problem is that modern work is incredibly specialized.
24
Specialized jobs make the modern economy highly efficient.
25
But they also mean
26
that it's seldom possible for any one worker to derive a
27
sense of the genuine contribution they might be making to the real needs of humanity.
28
Marx argued that modern work leads to alienation, entfremdung.
29
In other words, a feeling of disconnection between what you do all day
30
and who you feel you really are and what you think you'd ideally be able to contribute to existence.
31
Modern work is insecure.
32
Capitalism makes the human being utterly expendable, just one factor among others in the forces of production
33
and one that can ruthlessly be let go the minute costs rise or savings can be made through technology.
34
And yet, as Marx knew, deep inside each of us, we don't want to be arbitrarily let go, we're terrified of being abandoned.
35
Communism isn't just an economic theory.
36
Understood emotionally, it expresses a deep-seated longing that we always have a place in the world's heart, that we will not be cast out.
37
Workers get paid little while capitalists get rich.
38
This is perhaps the most obvious qualm that Marx had with capitalism.
39
In particular, he He believed
40
that capitalists shrink the wages of the labourers as much as possible in order to skim off a wide profit margin.
41
He called this primitive accumulation, ursprüngliche accumulation.
42
Whereas capitalists see profit as a reward for ingenuity and technological talent, Marx was far more damning.
43
Profit is simply theft, and what you're stealing is the talent and hard work of your workforce.
44
However much one dresses up the fundamentals, Marx insists that at its crudest,
45
capitalism means paying a worker one price for doing something and then selling it to somebody else at a much higher price.
46
Profit is the fancy term for exploitation.
47
Capitalism is very unstable.
48
Marx proposed that capitalist systems are characterised by a series of crises.
49
Every crisis is dressed up by capitalists as being somehow freakish and rare and soon to be the last one.
50
Far from it, argued Marx.
51
Crises are endemic to capitalism and they're caused by something rather odd.
52
The fact that we're able to produce too much, far more than anyone needs to consume.
53
Capitalist crises are crises of abundance rather than, as in the past, crises of shortage.
54
Our factories and systems are so efficient we could give everyone on this planet a car, a house, access to a decent school and a hospital.
55
And that's what so enraged Marx but also made him so hopeful too.
56
Few of us actually need to work because the modern economy is so productive.
57
But rather than seeing this need not to work as the freedom it is, we complain about it masochistically and describe it by a pejorative word, unemployment.
58
We should call it freedom.
59
There's so much unemployment for a good and deeply admirable reason, because we're so good at making things efficiently.
60
We're not all needed at the coal face.
61
But in that case, we should, thought Marx, make leisure admirable.
62
We should redistribute the wealth of the massive corporations that make so much surplus money and give it to everyone.
63
This is in its own way as beautiful a dream as Jesus' promise of heaven, but a good deal more realistic sounding.
64
Capitalism is bad for capitalists.
65
Marx didn't think that capitalists were evil.
66
For example, he was acutely aware of the sorrows and secret agonies that lay behind bourgeois marriage.
67
Marx argued that marriage was actually an extension of business and that the bourgeois family was fraught with tension,
68
oppression and resentment, with people staying together not for love but for financial reasons.
69
Marx believed that the capitalist system forces everyone to put economic interests at the heart of their lives, so that they can no longer know deep, honest relationships.
70
He called this psychological tendency commodity fetishism, varen fetishismus, because it makes us value things that have no objective value.
71
He wanted people to be freed from financial constraint so that they could at last start to make sensible, healthy choices in their relationships.
72
The 20th century feminist answer to the oppression of women has been to argue
73
that women should simply be able to go out to work.
74
But Marx's answer was more subtle.
75
This feminist insistence merely perpetuates human slavery.
76
The point isn't that women should imitate the sufferings of their male colleagues, it's that men and women should have the permanent option to enjoy leisure.
77
Why don't we all think a bit more like Marx?
78
An important aspect of Marx's work is that he proposes that there's an insidious, subtle way in which the economic system colours the sort of ideas that we end up having.
79
The economy generates what Marx termed an ideology.
80
A capitalist society is one where most people, rich and poor, believe all sorts of things that are really just value judgements that relate back to the economic system.
81
For example, that a person who doesn't work is worthless, that leisure beyond a few weeks a year is sinful,
82
that more belongings will make us happier and that worthwhile things and people will invariably make money.
83
In short, one of the biggest evils of capitalism is not that there are corrupt people at the top, this is true in any human hierarchy,
84
but that capitalist ideas teach all of us to be anxious, competitive, conformist and politically complacent.
85
Marx didn't only outline what was wrong with capitalism, we also get glimpses of what Marx wanted the ideal utopian future to be like.
86
In his Communist Manifesto, he describes a world without private property or inherited wealth, with a steeply graduated income tax, centralised control of the banking,
87
communication and transport industries, and free public education.
88
Marx also expected that communist society would allow people to develop lots of different sides of their natures.
89
In communist society, it's possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening,
90
criticise after dinner, just as I have a mind without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic.
91
After Marx moved to London, he was supported by his friend and intellectual partner Friedrich Engels, a wealthy man whose father owned a cotton plant in Manchester.
92
Engels covered Marx's debts and made sure his works were published.
93
Capitalism paid for communism.
94
The two men even wrote each other adoring poetry.
95
Marx was not a well-regarded or popular intellectual in his day.
96
Respectable, conventional people of Marx's day would have laughed at the idea that his ideas could remake the world.
97
Yet, just a few decades later, they did.
98
His writings became the keystone for some of the most important ideological movements of the 20th century.
99
But Marx was like a brilliant doctor in the early days of medicine.
100
He could recognize the nature of the disease, although he had no idea how to go about curing it.
101
At this point in history, we should all be Marxists in the sense of agreeing with his diagnosis of our troubles.
102
But we need to go out and find the cures that really will work.
103
As Marx himself declared, and we deeply agree, philosophers until now have only interpreted the world in various ways.
104
The point, however, is to change it.
105
Thank you.
同频道
C158
Why Unloved People Hate Themselves #shorts #selfcare
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
C11
Why Love NEVER Lasts FOREVER
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C143
Why Socrates Hated Democracy
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C131
The Secret to a Calm Life
British AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
C17
Why Parents Bully Their Children
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Daddy Issues
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C17
Your Two Options in Love After a Bad Childhood
British AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B28
LITERATURE - Charles Darwin
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1621
The Point of Travel
British AccentTravel EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
How to Get Over Someone
British AccentUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C116
When Love Isn't Easy
British AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
C13
How To Get Over Rejection
British AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C18
How to Parent Yourself
British AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C18
Why We Should Refuse to Get Into Arguments
British AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B27
How to Love without fear
British AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B2How to Find Out What's Really on Your Mind
British AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
PHILOSOPHY - Plato
British AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1112
What is Emotional Intelligence?
British AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C17
How To Know Yourself
British AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C16
How To Simplify Your Life
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
FOR YOU
推荐视频
C11
374 句
Karl Marx: The Most Dangerous Philosopher in History || English Listening Practice ✅
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C112
76 句
Why Europe Doesn't Build Skyscrapers
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
74 句
The “Nietzsche Thesis”: Why we don’t really care about truth
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C180
16 句
What is the Capability Approach to development?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C132
48 句
Fight Club Scene - The things you own end up owning you
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
311 句
Eco 155: Principles of Macroeconomics Class 1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C1133 句
Hegel: Philosophy of world history and spirit
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C113
5 句
Kevin Surace: 1 Minute Ted Talk
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
532 句
Marxism vs libertarianism: The economic calculation problem
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
158 句
The PHILOSOPHER Who Solved The MEANING of LIFE? Leo Tolstoy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
本课的词汇与口语要点
这节 C1 级别的口语课以视频“POLITICAL THEORY - Karl Marx”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：Marx, capitalism, capitalist, modern, economic。 这段视频共有 105 个句子、1537 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 9:20。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 165 个词，接近日常对话。 只有 77% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| capitalism 名词 | /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/ | 資本主義 /资本主义 |
| capitalist 名词 | /ˈkæp.ɪ.tə.lɪst/ | 資本家 /资本家 |
| leisure 名词 | /ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/ | 空閑 /空闲 |
| critic 名词 | /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/ | 批評家 /批评家, 評論家 /评论家 |
| admirable 名词 | /ˈæd.məɹ.ə.bəl/ | 令人欽佩的 /令人钦佩的, 令人讚美的 /令人赞美的 |
| accumulation 名词 | /əˌkjuːm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ | 积累, 累计 |
| oppression 名词 | /əˈpɹɛʃən/ | 壓迫 /压迫, 壓制 /压制 |
| communism 名词 | /ˈkɒmjᵿnɪz(ə)m/ | 共產主義 /共产主义 |
| subtle 形容词 | /ˈsʌtəl/ | 微妙 |
| alienate 动词 | /ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/ | 疏遠 /疏远 |
| alienation 名词 | /ˌeɪli.əˈneɪʃən/ | 疏離 /疏离 |
| arbitrarily 副词 | 任意地 | |
| complacent 形容词 | /kəmˈpleɪsənt/ | 得意, 自滿 /自满 |
| conformist 形容词 | /kənˈfɔɹ.mɪst/ | 遵循常規的 /遵循常规的 |
| constraint 名词 | /kənˈstɹeɪnt/ | 約束 /约束 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| end up 动词 | 到达 |
| go out 动词 | 出, 出口 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | be reformed · was born · is alienated |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | have been · have created · has been |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | person who built · person who doesn |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 17 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 we're, isn't, didn't。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “th” 音: ruthlessly /ˈɹuːθ.ləs.li/, overthrow /ˌoʊvɚˈθɹoʊ/, worthwhile /ˌwɜː(ɹ)θˈwaɪl/, worthless /ˈwɜːθ.ləs/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: leisure /ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, accumulation /əˌkjuːm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/, oppression /əˈpɹɛʃən/, alienation /ˌeɪli.əˈneɪʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: capitalism /ˈkæp.ə.təlˌɪzm̩/, capitalist /ˈkæp.ɪ.tə.lɪst/, admirable /ˈæd.məɹ.ə.bəl/, accumulation /əˌkjuːm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/, alienate /ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: invariably /ɪnˈvɛɹ.i.ə.bli/, pejorative /pɪˈd͡ʒoɹətɪv/, perceptive /pɚˈsɛptɪv/, derive /dɪˈɹaɪv/, overthrow /ˌoʊvɚˈθɹoʊ/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: capitalist /ˈkæp.ɪ.tə.lɪst/, critic /ˈkɹɪt.ɪk/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, alienate /ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/, complacent /kəmˈpleɪsənt/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: leisure /ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/, admirable /ˈæd.məɹ.ə.bəl/, disastrously /dɪˈzæs.tɹəs.li/, invariably /ɪnˈvɛɹ.i.ə.bli/, labourer /ˈleɪ.bə.ɹə/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 capitalism, capitalist, leisure 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。