쉐도잉 연습: Why can’t prices just stay the same? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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Inflation is causing stress.
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Bad news about prices in the grocery store.
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Historically high inflation.
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In 2022, much of the world experienced a period of uncommonly high inflation, with the US, UK and Eurozone all peaking at around 10%,
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meaning that prices on average were a full 10% higher than one year before.
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Though that's probably not a surprise to anyone watching this.
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It's thankfully now closer to the normal range, if still a bit high.
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But infuriatingly, since this chart just shows a rate of change, that doesn't mean that prices are down, just that they've stopped climbing as fast.
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And that really sucks.
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Consumers are stressed, businesses are suffering and governments are scrambling.
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But at the same time, if you were to, I don't know, find yourself reading and watching a ton of inflation related content, you'll also keep hearing this.
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A little inflation is a good thing.
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A little inflation is a good thing.
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A little inflation now would be a good thing.
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Everybody wants a little inflation.
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Why?
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If rising prices hurt seemingly everyone, why can't they just stay the same?
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Why can't inflation be zero?
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The first reason inflation can't stay at zero is because governments and their central banks don't want it to.
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Lots of countries actively pursue what is called an inflation target.
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In the US right now, it's about 2%.
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That's the number that's used by most central banks across the world.
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But the truth of it is, that's a pretty arbitrary number.
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The goal is what economists consider a virtuous cycle.
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Here's what that looks like.
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In times when prices are generally rising, people tend to expect them to rise further.
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And that actually encourages people to spend money now on big, durable purchases like cars or appliances, in order to avoid having to pay more for the same thing later.
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And the stuff we need to buy no matter what, goods like food or clothing, gets more expensive too, which requires us to spend more.
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Either way, companies make more money.
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Which means more people have jobs and more of their own money to spend.
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And that means more demand and therefore higher prices.
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So the cycle continues.
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But this bit of the cycle is crucial to its virtue.
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It's okay if prices rise so long as wages rise too.
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still be able to afford the same goods if your wages keep pace with inflation.
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Emphasis on the if.
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In the U.S., for two years, wage growth lagged behind inflation.
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That trend has reversed starting in mid-2023.
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Wages, especially at the bottom, have kept up with inflation.
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In fact, in many cases, surpassed inflation.
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And that is a good thing.
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That also we have to remember, wages in this country are rock bottom and have been for way, way too long, right?
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So wage growth rising, good?
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Are wages high enough?
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No.
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And a disruption at any point in this loop can lead
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to the kind of high inflation we've experienced over the past few years,
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when supply chain interruptions created product shortages and some companies artificially drove up prices to increase their profits, which along with some other causes,
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effectively turned this virtuous cycle into a vicious one.
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With Digital Credit Union, you'll get a world of financial possibilities, starting with their award-winning primary savings account and a zero-fee checking account
51
that could help you get your paycheck up to two days early.
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Like all credit unions, DCU is a not-for-profit, which says its primary focus is to serve their members, unlike banks, which primarily serve their shareholders.
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From community give-back initiatives to innovative products and services, their mission adheres to these three principles.
54
People come first, do the right thing, and make a difference.
55
DCU does not influence the editorial process of our videos, but they do help make videos like this possible.
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The government does have tools to combat rising inflation.
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They usually shift things here by raising interest rates, which makes all borrowing, including credit cards and bank loans, more expensive.
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When the cost of borrowing goes up, it becomes more expensive to make investments, to hire people, and that eventually slows the economy down.
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what the U.S.
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Federal Reserve did in 2022, which did help bring inflation closer to that 2% target,
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while placing an even higher financial strain on families who may need to borrow just to make ends meet.
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When the Fed uses interest rates to bring down inflation, what they're doing is tamping down that demand, right?
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They're telling people, you can't have a job.
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Like, let's put you out of work so that demand slows, that, you know, price growth slows.
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The Fed raises interest rates to slow down spending across the economy, partly by signaling to markets that they're taking the problem seriously, which creates an expectation that inflation will fall.
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But we also have to talk about what happens when prices fall instead of rise.
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That's called deflation.
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And falling prices honestly sounds pretty good.
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But they can also introduce another kind of cycle.
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A deflationary spiral.
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When prices fall, consumers may hold off on making big purchases, hoping for even lower prices in the future.
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And the stuff we need costs less.
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So we just spend less in general.
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If people are spending less, companies make less.
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They start to cut costs.
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And ultimately they lay off employees.
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Unemployed people spend less, and even the people who are employed might choose to save more to stave off financial loss.
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So prices go down even further as demand goes down.
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So ultimately all of that adds up to slower economic growth as a whole.
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Which is really hard to fix because governments don't have the same ability to respond to deflation as they do to inflation.
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Look at this chart again.
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The last time inflation dipped below 2% in spring of 2020, the US brought interest rates all the way down to 0.05%.
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And after bottoming out for a bit, that seemed to work.
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Inflation inched back up.
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But if inflation hadn't come back up, the government would have had limited options.
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Their rates were already getting almost out zero.
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And then things could get dicey.
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Historically, periods of true deflation are pretty rare.
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But when they do happen, it seems that fixing them requires a pretty serious shock to the economy.
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The Great Depression was in part a deflationary spiral, solved only by the outbreak of World War II when the government supercharged spending and employment.
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And Japan is finally emerging from decades of chronic deflation.
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But that's thanks, in no small part, to the high inflation that most of the world battled over the last few years.
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You don't want to rely on those kinds of things.
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If inflation goes below zero, it is hard to fix.
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The cost of deflation is really high and that's something that we want to avoid.
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This is where inflation targets come in.
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Let's look at this chart again.
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These lines are pretty shaky because there are a lot of really complicated factors that affect inflation.
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The macro economy is made up of the decisions of millions of people, of millions of businesses.
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The way those decisions interact, I mean, try thinking about how to map everything out and it's just, it's mind blowing, right?
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Inflation will always fluctuate, even if it's just a little.
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And this is the last big reason why they don't want inflation to be 0%.
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If inflation sits here, that basic shakiness is constantly at risk of dropping down into the deflation zone, triggering the bad cycle.
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And the way to prevent that is to have it sit just a little bit higher. So...
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A little inflation is usually a good thing.
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Yeah.
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That's annoying.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 B2 수준 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Why can’t prices just stay the same?”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: inflation, price, wage, deflation, cycle. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 107개와 단어 1296개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 7:23입니다. 화자는 분당 약 176단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 단어의 84%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속합니다. 나머지는 연습 전에 미리 확인해 두세요.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에서 가장 어려운 단어 14개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| inflation 명사 | /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ | 인플레이션, 인플레 |
| deflation 명사 | /dɪˈfleɪʃən/ | 디플레이션, 디플레 |
| spiral 명사 | /ˈspaɪɹəl/ | 나선형, 라선형 |
| appliance 명사 | /əˈplaɪ.əns/ | 기구 |
| macroeconomics 명사 | /ˌmæk.ɹoʊˌiː.kəˈnɒ.mɪks/ | 거시경제학 |
| adhere 동사 | /ædˈhɪə/ | 달라붙다 |
| shareholder 명사 | /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/ | 주주 |
| economist 명사 | /iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/ | 경제학자 |
| unemployed 형용사 | /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/ | 실업의, 실직한 |
| shortage 명사 | /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/ | 부족, 흠손 |
| employ 동사 | /ɪmˈplɔɪ/ | 고용하다 |
| borrow 동사 | /ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/ | 빌리다, 일시적으로 받는 |
| editorial 명사 | /ˌɛdɪˈtɔːɹɪəl/ | 사설 |
| emphasis 명사 | /ˈɛmfəsɪs/ | 강조 |
영상에 나오는 구동사
| 단어 | 뜻 |
|---|---|
| go down 동사 | 내려가다 |
| go up 동사 | 올라가다 |
따라 말해 볼 만한 문장
영상에 나오는 짧고 완결된 문장으로, 일상 대화에서 그대로 쓸 수 있습니다:
- Why can't inflation be zero?
- They're telling people, you can't have a job.
- Let's look at this chart again.
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | they've stopped · has reversed · have kept |
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | are stressed · is called · are employed |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | rates, which makes · people who are |
주의할 발음
화자는 don't, can't, they're 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 18번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, deflation /dɪˈfleɪʃən/, deflationary /dəˈfleɪ.ʃənˌɛɹ.i/, interruption /ˌɪntəˈɹʌpʃən/, shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: deflationary /dəˈfleɪ.ʃənˌɛɹ.i/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, interruption /ˌɪntəˈɹʌpʃən/, macroeconomics /ˌmæk.ɹoʊˌiː.kəˈnɒ.mɪks/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, deflation /dɪˈfleɪʃən/, deflationary /dəˈfleɪ.ʃənˌɛɹ.i/, fluctuate /ˈflʌkt͡ʃu.eɪt/, fixing /ˈfɪksɪŋ/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: virtuous /ˈvɝt͡ʃuəs/, vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/, virtue /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/, innovative /ˈɪn.əˌveɪtɪv/
- /r/과 /l/ 구별하기: deflationary /dəˈfleɪ.ʃənˌɛɹ.i/, spiral /ˈspaɪɹəl/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, scramble /ˈskɹæmbl̩/, shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, inflation, deflation, spiral 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.