Практика Shadowing: Why can’t prices just stay the same? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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107 предложений
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1
Inflation is causing stress.
2
Bad news about prices in the grocery store.
3
Historically high inflation.
4
In 2022, much of the world experienced a period of uncommonly high inflation, with the US, UK and Eurozone all peaking at around 10%,
5
meaning that prices on average were a full 10% higher than one year before.
6
Though that's probably not a surprise to anyone watching this.
7
It's thankfully now closer to the normal range, if still a bit high.
8
But infuriatingly, since this chart just shows a rate of change, that doesn't mean that prices are down, just that they've stopped climbing as fast.
9
And that really sucks.
10
Consumers are stressed, businesses are suffering and governments are scrambling.
11
But at the same time, if you were to, I don't know, find yourself reading and watching a ton of inflation related content, you'll also keep hearing this.
12
A little inflation is a good thing.
13
A little inflation is a good thing.
14
A little inflation now would be a good thing.
15
Everybody wants a little inflation.
16
Why?
17
If rising prices hurt seemingly everyone, why can't they just stay the same?
18
Why can't inflation be zero?
19
The first reason inflation can't stay at zero is because governments and their central banks don't want it to.
20
Lots of countries actively pursue what is called an inflation target.
21
In the US right now, it's about 2%.
22
That's the number that's used by most central banks across the world.
23
But the truth of it is, that's a pretty arbitrary number.
24
The goal is what economists consider a virtuous cycle.
25
Here's what that looks like.
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In times when prices are generally rising, people tend to expect them to rise further.
27
And that actually encourages people to spend money now on big, durable purchases like cars or appliances, in order to avoid having to pay more for the same thing later.
28
And the stuff we need to buy no matter what, goods like food or clothing, gets more expensive too, which requires us to spend more.
29
Either way, companies make more money.
30
Which means more people have jobs and more of their own money to spend.
31
And that means more demand and therefore higher prices.
32
So the cycle continues.
33
But this bit of the cycle is crucial to its virtue.
34
It's okay if prices rise so long as wages rise too.
35
still be able to afford the same goods if your wages keep pace with inflation.
36
Emphasis on the if.
37
In the U.S., for two years, wage growth lagged behind inflation.
38
That trend has reversed starting in mid-2023.
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Wages, especially at the bottom, have kept up with inflation.
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In fact, in many cases, surpassed inflation.
41
And that is a good thing.
42
That also we have to remember, wages in this country are rock bottom and have been for way, way too long, right?
43
So wage growth rising, good?
44
Are wages high enough?
45
No.
46
And a disruption at any point in this loop can lead
47
to the kind of high inflation we've experienced over the past few years,
48
when supply chain interruptions created product shortages and some companies artificially drove up prices to increase their profits, which along with some other causes,
49
effectively turned this virtuous cycle into a vicious one.
50
With Digital Credit Union, you'll get a world of financial possibilities, starting with their award-winning primary savings account and a zero-fee checking account
51
that could help you get your paycheck up to two days early.
52
Like all credit unions, DCU is a not-for-profit, which says its primary focus is to serve their members, unlike banks, which primarily serve their shareholders.
53
From community give-back initiatives to innovative products and services, their mission adheres to these three principles.
54
People come first, do the right thing, and make a difference.
55
DCU does not influence the editorial process of our videos, but they do help make videos like this possible.
56
The government does have tools to combat rising inflation.
57
They usually shift things here by raising interest rates, which makes all borrowing, including credit cards and bank loans, more expensive.
58
When the cost of borrowing goes up, it becomes more expensive to make investments, to hire people, and that eventually slows the economy down.
59
what the U.S.
60
Federal Reserve did in 2022, which did help bring inflation closer to that 2% target,
61
while placing an even higher financial strain on families who may need to borrow just to make ends meet.
62
When the Fed uses interest rates to bring down inflation, what they're doing is tamping down that demand, right?
63
They're telling people, you can't have a job.
64
Like, let's put you out of work so that demand slows, that, you know, price growth slows.
65
The Fed raises interest rates to slow down spending across the economy, partly by signaling to markets that they're taking the problem seriously, which creates an expectation that inflation will fall.
66
But we also have to talk about what happens when prices fall instead of rise.
67
That's called deflation.
68
And falling prices honestly sounds pretty good.
69
But they can also introduce another kind of cycle.
70
A deflationary spiral.
71
When prices fall, consumers may hold off on making big purchases, hoping for even lower prices in the future.
72
And the stuff we need costs less.
73
So we just spend less in general.
74
If people are spending less, companies make less.
75
They start to cut costs.
76
And ultimately they lay off employees.
77
Unemployed people spend less, and even the people who are employed might choose to save more to stave off financial loss.
78
So prices go down even further as demand goes down.
79
So ultimately all of that adds up to slower economic growth as a whole.
80
Which is really hard to fix because governments don't have the same ability to respond to deflation as they do to inflation.
81
Look at this chart again.
82
The last time inflation dipped below 2% in spring of 2020, the US brought interest rates all the way down to 0.05%.
83
And after bottoming out for a bit, that seemed to work.
84
Inflation inched back up.
85
But if inflation hadn't come back up, the government would have had limited options.
86
Their rates were already getting almost out zero.
87
And then things could get dicey.
88
Historically, periods of true deflation are pretty rare.
89
But when they do happen, it seems that fixing them requires a pretty serious shock to the economy.
90
The Great Depression was in part a deflationary spiral, solved only by the outbreak of World War II when the government supercharged spending and employment.
91
And Japan is finally emerging from decades of chronic deflation.
92
But that's thanks, in no small part, to the high inflation that most of the world battled over the last few years.
93
You don't want to rely on those kinds of things.
94
If inflation goes below zero, it is hard to fix.
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The cost of deflation is really high and that's something that we want to avoid.
96
This is where inflation targets come in.
97
Let's look at this chart again.
98
These lines are pretty shaky because there are a lot of really complicated factors that affect inflation.
99
The macro economy is made up of the decisions of millions of people, of millions of businesses.
100
The way those decisions interact, I mean, try thinking about how to map everything out and it's just, it's mind blowing, right?
101
Inflation will always fluctuate, even if it's just a little.
102
And this is the last big reason why they don't want inflation to be 0%.
103
If inflation sits here, that basic shakiness is constantly at risk of dropping down into the deflation zone, triggering the bad cycle.
104
And the way to prevent that is to have it sit just a little bit higher. So...
105
A little inflation is usually a good thing.
106
Yeah.
107
That's annoying.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «Why can’t prices just stay the same?». Чаще всего повторяются слова: inflation, price, wage, deflation, cycle. В этом видео 107 предложений и 1296 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 7:23. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 176 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 84% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| inflation существительное | /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ | инфля́ция |
| deflation существительное | /dɪˈfleɪʃən/ | выка́чивание |
| virtuous прилагательное | /ˈvɝt͡ʃuəs/ | доброде́тельный, целому́дренный |
| spiral существительное | /ˈspaɪɹəl/ | спира́ль |
| historically наречие | /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/ | истори́чески |
| appliance существительное | /əˈplaɪ.əns/ | приспособле́ние, прибо́р |
| artificially наречие | иску́сственно | |
| fluctuate глагол | /ˈflʌkt͡ʃu.eɪt/ | колеба́ться, меня́ться |
| interruption существительное | /ˌɪntəˈɹʌpʃən/ | прерыва́ние, поме́ха |
| macroeconomics существительное | /ˌmæk.ɹoʊˌiː.kəˈnɒ.mɪks/ | макроэконо́мика |
| paycheck существительное | /ˈpeɪ.t͡ʃɛk/ | зарпла́та |
| scramble глагол | /ˈskɹæmbl̩/ | кара́бкаться, вскара́бкаться |
| surpass глагол | /sɚˈpæs/ | превосходи́ть, превзойти́ |
| adhere глагол | /ædˈhɪə/ | прикле́иваться, прикле́иться |
| shareholder существительное | /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/ | акционе́р, акционе́рка |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| go down глагол | спуска́ться, спусти́ться |
| back up глагол | дава́ть за́дний ход |
| give back глагол | возвраща́ть, верну́ть |
| go up глагол | поднима́ться, подня́ться |
| lay off глагол | увольнять |
| slow down глагол | замедля́ть, заме́длить |
Фразы, которые стоит повторять
Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:
- Why can't inflation be zero?
- They're telling people, you can't have a job.
- Let's look at this chart again.
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | they've stopped · has reversed · have kept |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | are stressed · is called · are employed |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | rates, which makes · people who are |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 18 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, can't, they're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, deflation /dɪˈfleɪʃən/, deflationary /dəˈfleɪ.ʃənˌɛɹ.i/, interruption /ˌɪntəˈɹʌpʃən/, shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: deflationary /dəˈfleɪ.ʃənˌɛɹ.i/, historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, interruption /ˌɪntəˈɹʌpʃən/, macroeconomics /ˌmæk.ɹoʊˌiː.kəˈnɒ.mɪks/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: historically /hɪˈstɔɹɪkli/, adhere /ædˈhɪə/, shareholder /ˈʃɛəˌhəʊl.də(ɹ)/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: lag /læɡ/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/, unemployed /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/, shortage /ˈʃɔː(ɹ)tɪd͡ʒ/, innovative /ˈɪn.əˌveɪtɪv/
- /ŋ/ в конце слова — носовой звук без «г»: borrowing /ˈbɔrəwɪŋ/, fixing /ˈfɪksɪŋ/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как inflation, deflation, virtuous.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.